The Argument Of Free Will And Determinism Philosophy Essay

The Argument Of Free Will And Determinism Philosophy Essay Determinism is when a persons behaviour is considered to be affected by internal or external forces while free will is an individuals ability to make most decisions. If we agree to a deterministic description of psychology then we can precisely foretell human behaviour, which results in psychology being in a similar field of science as physics or chemistry. According to Watson, (1982:2), determinism is the view roughly, that every event and state of affairs is causally necessitated by preceding events and states of affairs. On the other hand according to Gross, (2009:210) free will is, the common sense, lay persons understanding of the term is that the actor could have behaved differently given the same circumstances. This essay will explore the different approaches to free will and determinism from different theorists for example behaviourists, neo-behaviourists and so on. The argument of free will and determinism between psychologists and philosophers has existed for years. People who are determined assume that behaviour is determined by outside and internal forces performing on the human being. One example of an outside force could be parents supporting a kind of behaviour thereby encouraging it. On the other hand an internal force would be driven by hormones. People who believe in free will assume that things are a bit difficult (Eysenck, 1994). They know that there is external and internal factors but they believe that people are free to choose their own behaviour. The free will and determinism debate could be finished up by the query that could a persons behaviour have been different in a certain situation if they willed it?(Eysenck, 1994:65) People who are deterministic would disagree and those who believe in free will would agree. Determinism is supported by more theories in psychology than free will. Behaviourists are highly determinists and they argue that the universe is ruled by certain widespread systematic principles (Eysenck, 1994). They believe an action is initiated by a certain presiding cause, and a persons action is no exception. Behaviourists also believe that accurate judgement of peoples behaviour is likely, if a persons present stimulus circumstance is recognized, and if their habitual past is recognised. Skinner (1971, cited in Gross, 2009) claimed that behaviour is determined by ecological factors and that people usually replicate behaviours that are rewarded. According to Skinner free will is an illusion. Bandura, a neobehaviourist, believed in reciprocal determinism and pointed a weakness in Skinners methodology. If human behaviours are truly determined by the external incentives and retributions, then people would always transform to conform to other people. Bandura specified that behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning (Chance, 2009). Children watch the behaviour of people surrounding them and the people being watched are named models. In society children are influenced by many people or models for example parents, actors on televisions and other models they meet at schools. Children copy these behaviours and then practise these behaviours later on in life. Bandura demonstrated with the bobo doll experiment. He illustrated how there can be hidden learning until a reward or stimulus is used to encourage that behaviour. Young children copied to either strike, or not strike the bobo doll. Only the children that witnessed the model, not g etting positive reinforcement for striking the doll really got involved in that activity. Skinner concentrated mainly on the concept that peoples behaviours are determined by the outside world. When an individuals behaviour is determined by force or punishment it is clear that there is no act of free will. One example of that could be being scared of committing an offence or crime because of the fear of going to prison. Likewise we are also shaped by positive reinforcements, for example being paid a bonus for working overtime (Gross, 2009). However we usually forget about external causes of our behaviour and assume that we are acting freely. When we are determined that we are acting freely this usually implies that we are free from negative reinforcements and this is usually a result of the awards or positive reinforcements we have had in the past. However peoples behaviours also influence their surroundings. Skinner ignored the large number of causes of behaviour. Freud also deeply believed in determinism. According to Freud, people are determined by certain unconscious feelings, outside their consciousness. Minor occurrences like referring to a person with another persons name are a result of fixed causes in the persons motivational system. Freudian slips are involuntary but motivated errors that reveal a persons true desires. According to the Psychodynamic approach internal techniques like defence mechanisms verify the type of behaviours people will have as adults. People are developmentally oriented and will biologically grow in relation to the satisfaction of their natural ability if inner circumstances are positive. However, this differs with Freuds opinion of humans as basically savage beasts, whose hostile drives and volatile sexuality can only be managed by the procedure and arrangement of civilization. Freud was negative towards human nature and saw the instinctive desires of the id as driving people near the self -centred gratificati on of primitive desires. According to the biological approach behaviour is determined by a persons chromosome and inner systems (Eysenck, 1994). When looking at mental disorders this method expresses that the patient is not to blame for their illness. Their biology inclines them to certain situations thereby making it unmanageable unless their biological make up is influenced. This has been supported to an extent, with the understanding that schizophrenia is caused by extreme chemicals in the brain that carries messages. The chaos theory and butterfly effect are an example that show that while psychology is deterministic it is best explained as probabilistic. On the other hand the humanistic approach argues that people have freewill. Carl Rogers argued that people have an inborn desire for positive growth and self-actualisation (Gross, 2009). An individual should be responsible for their behaviour. Rogers suggested client centred therapy where the therapist is known as a facilitator whose job is to help patients exercise free will. Humanistic psychologists argue that the notion that people are controlled by external forces is wrong. However Rogers also looked at the bad side of people and he quoted that, in my experience, every person has the capacity for evil behaviour. I, and others ,have had murderous and cruel impulses, desires to hurt, feelings of anger and rage ,desires to impose our wills on others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ whether I or anyone, will translate these impulses into behaviour depends, it seems to me ,on two elements : social conditioning and voluntary choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I believe that theoretically at least, every evil behavio ur is brought about by varying degrees of these elements (Rogers,1982 cited in Gross,2009:225). A problem for free will is causality. Free will would imply that nothing triggers an action; someone showing only random behaviour would be listed as mentally ill. Free will needs to clarify what triggers actions to occur or else behaviours are predicted to be determined. The ethical argument assumes people have free will. According to this, in order to expect ethical accountability, people must acknowledge the notion of free will. If a persons behaviour is determined by things that they cannot control then the person cannot be accountable for their actions (Hospers, 1997). However, on the other hand, laws require that grown up people do have individual accountability for their actions and so society is indirectly in favour of free will (Teichman Evans, 1999). Soft determinism is an approach that argues that all acts are caused, but only those that are not coerced or constrained are free (Gross, 2009:211). William James supported this approach which is average in relation to the two extreme opinions. According to James effort, or the impression of effort, is the main personal sign that free will has taken place. James also specified that , if our actions have, as their proximate ,immediate cause, processing by a system such as conscious mental life, t hen they count as free ,rational, voluntary, purposive actions (Gross,2009:220). Fromm claims that people are both part of the environment and also unrelated to it. People formed primitive dogmas and religious doctrines to allow them to feel less detached from the world. In Europe until lately the Catholic Church accomplished this position of giving a feeling of security. The church intervened between God and humankind, ensuring deliverance but in the course restricting human liberty (Gross, 2009). I believe we are influenced by our nature which is a combination of what we get from our genes and what we learn from our environment. Sometimes we are forced to make decisions and only get options that are forced upon us by the circumstances we are in. Those circumstances may be a direct result of previous decisions or may largely be decided by luck. Things do not usually turn out the way we really want it. I would agree that people are free to make choices that shape their lives, but, on the contrary people are related to society and consequently ones behaviour can have an effect on others despite the insignificance of the behaviour. I think the notion of cause and effect comes in the picture because there is the notion of right and wrong and the existence of society. For me then, behaviour is significant in both free will and determinism. The way you act is influenced by freedom to make choices in your life, however if put to mind, the decisions are more determined by environment and by current surroundings. (1589) How I have used feedback I have changed the way I used to put my full stops after writing a sentence and I have also worked on using shorter and understandable sentences. I have also sorted the areas where writing was in places, over complex and ungrammatical. I have also put references where they were missing and have also put the word count at the end of my essay.

Everyone Should Go to the County Fair! :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Everyone Should Go to the County Fair! If you've been to the County Fair before, there's no reason for you to keep reading this. You already know how much fun it is. You don't need to be convinced. You're already going back. You can stop reading right now, go buy your pre-sale tickets, and get the car packed up and ready to go. But you, yes, you, what's your excuse for not having been to the past 156 County Fairs? Oh, "I wasn't born 156 years ago," you say? That's no excuse. You're just going to have to go to this year's Fair to make amends. After all, there are more reasons to go to the Fair than there are to stay home. Of course, there are the classic reasons for going to the Fair: the dozens of rides and attractions along the mile-long midway; the incredible variety of food and drink available; the many hands-on livestock exhibits; the opportunity to make hundreds of little goldfish paranoid by hurling plastic projectiles into their bowls; and, of course, the wide variety of special events. If you've been to the Fair before and are reading this article anyway, you may as well keep reading to see what's new. Quite a few things are swinging at the Fair this year, and that's not just a poor attempt at sounding "hip." You can, for instance, start by swinging to the tunes of the Artie Shaw Orchestra, the band that helped shape the musical standards of the Big Band era. They'll be performing a free concert in the Music Dome from August 12th to 16th at 7 pm. If you're looking for a more daring kind of swinging, head over to watch the Incredible Nocks, a husband and wife daredevil team performing free daily shows at the Old Fashioned One-Ring Circus. Finally, if swinging people aren't your style, you can check out some swinging of axes at the World Champion Lumberjacks Show, also performing free daily shows. I know, by now, all this talk of swinging has made you dizzy, and you want to go and check out the "tamer" animal-oriented events, right? Well, there are plenty of new attractions this year, starting with the presentation of the Hawthorn White Tigers, 15 rare endangered animals which are non-existent in the wild. Then there is the all new Shark Show, featuring live sharks, a diver, plenty of educational content, dramatic lighting, smoke effects, and Jaws music! Better practice saying "You're gonna need a bigger boat" in your best old salt voice.

A Response to Richard Brookheiser’s “All Junk, All the Time”

Richard Brookheiser throws every single indictment that he can think of at the institution of rock music. It is obvious that Brookheiser is writing merely to vent his personal feelings: he has no intention of learning more about the music that he has chosen to criticize so roundly. It is unfortunate for him, since if he had decided to actually listen to some rock music with an open mind, he would have been certain to hear some music that he would have liked. The first criticism that Brookheiser (1996) makes is that rock appeals to the masses, even to megachurches.That, in itself, is not a bad thing to be entirely honest. Music should appeal to the masses. Regardless of whether there is a variety of music that only exists for the highbrow enjoyment of the elite class, the â€Å"average† person also needs to experience the sensation that listening to music can bring to a person. Music needs to â€Å"speak† to the person that listens to it, to have relevance to that listen er, and perhaps even reflect the events in his or her life.If rock appeals to the masses, it’s because most of its listeners understand the artist when the pain of rejected or unrequited love leads the artist to sing about the â€Å"first cut† being â€Å"deepest† or the sense of loss â€Å"counting the steps† of a retreating lover. Opera, after all, has the same theme, only it’s shouted at the top of one’s voice and in another language. Brookheiser (1996) also criticizes rock music for having â€Å"E Z 2 Play musical instruments† (p.1), equaled by the apparent ease of the lyrics. Once again, he misses the point. Clearly, Brookheiser has not listened to enough rock music to appreciate the harpsichord used by the Beatles, the saxophone used by Billy Joel, or the experimental music used by more artists than it is possible to count. Rock music is about pushing the boundaries of acceptable sound. While much of the music can be played on t he guitar, it is never about playing it â€Å"safe.† Appreciate it or not, both the original and the remake of â€Å"Funky Town† make a statement with their electronic music–try that on the guitar! Neither are the vocals as simplistic as Brookheiser would make out. For every song with the simplicity of Natasha Bedingfield’s â€Å"Unwritten,† another song exists with the artistry of Celine Dion’s vocal riffs that makes the listener sit up and listen. Even more so, Brookheiser should listen to the sentiments expressed by those apparently simple or mumbled lyrics.Even those without artistry purposefully state the writer’s hopes, fears, or social concerns. If Brookheiser feels that rock music fails as a memory marker because it is â€Å"crude and blank† (p. 1), obviously he has not been listening to the â€Å"right† kind of rock. â€Å"Rock† music is a genre that spans many areas, as he so rightfully points out. Snap some easy listening or oldies into the DVD player and even Brookheiser is likely to find music that he feels appropriate to mark even his most special memories.All he has to do is to listen with an open mind and a whole new world will open up for him. Not every person is going to like every kind of music, or even every subgenre of every kind of music. Many people might know of country music, but not as many even know about its Cajun cousin, zydeco, let alone appreciate it. That lack of appreciation does not make zydeco any less of a valuable resource for the culture that produces it; rather, it speaks even more loudly to those who understand what it is trying to say.Virtually every generation of parent has said, â€Å"in my day, music meant something! † Yet even as we age and listen to the music that we once felt was so radical, it turns into something safe and familiar, associated with our youth. The television series, The Simpsons, did an episode in which the rock song â₠¬Å"In the Garden of Eden†. Richard Brookheiser ends his essay with the statement, â€Å"It's Bottom 40, all junk, all the time. And it's here to stay† (2). Sadly enough for him: he’s right–and thank Heaven for it! Reference Brookheiser, R. (1996). All junk, all the time.   National Review.   Retrieved 23 July 2007 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n22_v48/ai_18914547/pg_1

Report on Prime Bank

CHAPTER-SIX SERVICES OFFERED BY FOREIGN EXCHANGE DIVISION 5. 1 Meaning of Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange means exchange foreign currency between two countries. If we consider ‘Foreign Exchange’ as a subject, then it means all kind of transactions related to foreign currency. In other wards foreign exchange deals with foreign financial transactions. H. E. Evitt defined â€Å"Foreign Exchange† as the means and methods by which rights to wealth expressed in terms of the currency of one country are converted into rights to wealth in terms of the currency of another country 5. 2-Activities of foreign exchange: There are three kinds of foreign exchange transactions: Import. Export. Remittance. 5. 3 Local Regulations for foreign exchange. Foreign exchange transactions are being controlled by the following rules & regulations: ? Foreign Exchange regulation act 1947. ? Bangladesh Bank issues foreign exchange circular from time to time to control the export, import & remittance business. ? Ministries of commerce issues export & import policy giving basic formalities for import & export business. ? Sometime CCI&E issues public notice for any kind of change in foreign exchange transaction. Bangladesh bank published two volumes in 1996. This is compilation of the instructions to be followed by the authorized dealers in transitions related to foreign exchange. 5. 4 Parties involved in Documentary Credit: The parties are: ? The Issuing Bank, ? The Confirming Bank, if any, and ? The Beneficiary. ? The Applicant, ? The Advising Bank, ? The Nominated Paying/ Accepting Bank, and ? The Transferring Bank, if any. i. Importer – Buyer Who applies for opening the L/C. ii. Issuing Bank – It is the bank which opens/issues a L/C on behalf of the importer. ii. Confirming Bank – It is the bank, which adds its confirmation to the credit and it is done at the request of issuing bank. Confirming bank may or may not be advising bank. iv. Advising / Notifying Bank – is the bank through which the L/C is advised to the exporters. This bank is actually situated in exporters country. It may also assume the role of confirming and / or negotiating bank depending upon the condition of the credit. v. Negotiating Bank – is the bank, which negotiates the bill and pays the amount of the beneficiary. The advising bank and the negotiating bank may or may not be the same. Sometimes it can also be confirming bank. vi. Paying / Accepting Bank – is the bank on which the bill will be drawn (as per condition of the credit). Usually it is the issuing bank. vii. Reimbursing bank – is the bank, which would reimburse the negotiating bank after getting payment – instructions from issuing bank. 5. 5 IMPORT: Under the import policy of Bangladesh the Importer has get the valid Import Registration Certificate (IRC) from the Chief Control of Import & Export (CCI&E). 5. 5. 1- Letter of credit: Letter of Credit means any arrangement whereby a Bank (the issuing Bank) is committed (on behalf of the buyer/applicant) to pay certain amount at the seller’s disposal under some agreed conditions. 5. 5. 2 – Types of documentary credit: Documentary credit may be of three types. †¢ Revocable credit. †¢ Irrevocable credit. †¢ Add confirmed credit. Revocable credit: This type of credit can be cancelled or amended at any time by the issuing Bank without prior notice to the seller. It is not now in use. Irrevocable credit: This type of credit can’t be cancelled or amended by the issuing Bank without the agreement of parties concerned thereto. All the credits issued in our country are of irrevocable nature. Add confirmed credit: When a third Bank provides guarantee to the beneficiary to make payment, if issuing Bank fail to make payment, the L/C is called confirmed L/C. In case of a confirmed L/C a third Bank adds their confirmation to the beneficiary, to make payment, in addition to that of issuing Bank. Confirmed L/C gives the beneficiary a double assurance of payment. 5. 5. 3 Special documentary credit. There are some other special documentary credits that are given below: †¢ Revolving credit. †¢ Transferable credit. Back- to- Back credit. Revolving credit: Which provides for restoring the credit to the original amount after it has been utilized. Transferable credit: If the word ‘Transferable’ incorporated in an L/C, then the L/C is transferable. The first beneficiary can transfer transferable L/C to second beneficiary. But second beneficiary cannot transfer it further to another beneficiary. Back -To- Back credit: The Back To Back is a new credit opened on the bases of an original credit in favor of other beneficiary; under this concept the seller of the first credit offers it as security to the issuing Bank for the assurance of the second credit. The beneficiary of the back-to-back credit may be located inside or outside the original beneficiary’s country. 5. 5. 4 Operations of Documentary Letters of Credit: The following five major steps are involved in the operation of a documentary letter of credit: ? Opening. ? Advising. ? Amendment. ? Presentation. ? Settlement. Opening of Letter of Credit: Opening of letter of credit means, at the request of the applicant (importer) issuance of a L/C in favour of the beneficiary (exporter) by a Bank. The Bank, which open or issue L/C opening Bank or issuing Bank. L/C Advising: Advising through a Bank is a proof of evident authenticity of the credit to the seller. The process of advising a credit consists of forwarding the original credit to the beneficiary to whom it is addressed. Before forwarding the advising Bank verify the signature (s) of the officer (s) of the issuing Bank & ensure that the terms & condition are not in violation of existing exchange control regulation & the other regulation relating to export. If credit is transmitted via telex, advising Bank will match the test used in the telex. Amendment of Credit: Parties involved in a L/C, particularly the seller and the buyer, cannot always satisfy the terms and conditions in full as expected due to some obvious and genuine reasons. In such a situation, the credit should be amended. Presentation of Document: The seller being satisfied with the terms and conditions of the credit proceeds to dispatch the required goods the buyer and after that, has to present the documents evidencing dispatching of goods to the negotiating bank on or before the stipulated expiry date of the credit. After receiving the entire document, the negotiating bank then checks the documents against the credit. If the documents are found in order, the bank will pay, accept or negotiate to the issuing bank. The issuing bank also checks the documents and if they are found as per credit requirements, either effects payment, or reimburse in the pre-agreed manner. Lodgment: If import documents found in order, it to be made entry in the bill register and necessary voucher to be passed, putting bill number on the documents, these processes is called lodgment of the bill. Since the documents stay at this stage for a temporary period i. . up to retirement of the documents, the process is called lodgment. Bank must lodge the documents immediate after receipt of the dame, not exceeding seven (7) Banking days, following the day of receipt of the documents. Retirement of Import documents: When the importer releases the import document from the Bank by acceptance/cash payment or under post import Bank finance it is known as retirement of the import document. Refusal Notice: After examination, if the documents become discrepant, issuing Bank will through the refusal notice to the negotiating Bank with seven Banking days. Settlement: Settlement means fulfilling the commitment of issuing Bank in regard to effecting payment subject to satisfying the credit terms fully. This settlement may be done three separate arrangements as stipulated in the credit. 5. 6 Import Financing: The post import finance extends the import credit in the following forms: ? PAD (Payment against documents). ? LTR (Loan against trust receipt). ? LIM (Loan against import merchandise) 5. 6. 1 Payment Against Document (PAD): PAD Loan is created upon lodgment of import documents. This Loan is created for 21 days -the time being the tolerance for taking documents for the importer. If after 21 days the documents are not taken by the importer, the Bank may sell the imported goods to recover the given amount. 5. 6. 2 Loan Against Trust Receipt (L. T. R): Under this, Loan is allowed only to first class importers. Here only on the basis of trust without paying the Bank anything or a partial amount, the importer takes the documents. Then importer is allowed 60-90 days time to make payment. 5. 6. 3. Loan Against Imported Merchandise (LIM): Advance (Loan) against the security of merchandise imported through the Bank may be allowed either on pledge or hypothecation of goods, retaining margin prescribed on their Landed Cost, depending on their categories and Credit Restriction imposed by the Bangladesh Bank. Bank shall also obtain a letter of undertaking and indemnity from the parties, before getting the goods cleared through LIM Account. 5. 7 Export Under the export policy of Bangladesh, the exporter has to get the valid export registration certificate (ERC) from chief controller of export & import (CCI&E). The ERC is required to renew every year. The ERC number is to be incorporated on export Form & other paper connected with exports. 5. 7. 1-Receiving the letter of credit: After getting contract for sale, exporter should ask the buyer for L/C clearly stating terms & condition of export & payment. 5. 7. 2 – Procuring the materials: After knowing that the L/C has opened in his favor, the next step for the exporter is to set about the task of procuring or manufacturing the contracted merchandise. If the exporter has to procure the raw materials from another supplier (local or abroad) he has to open Back-to-Back L/C. 5. . 3 -Back-to-Back L/C: Back-to-Back L/C is one type of L/C, which is opened against lien on a valid export L/C. It is opened for inland & abroad as well. Bank will supply the following papers/documents for opening a Back-to-Back L/C: ? L/C application form. ? LCA form. ? IMP form. ? Charge document papers. The above papers must be completed, filled & signed by the party thereto. The party will submit the e ntire filled document along with application in printed form of the designated Bank. Which is also an agreement between applicant & the Bank. Procuring the materials: After making the deal & on having the L/C opened in his favor, the next step for the exporter is to set about the task of procuring or manufacturing the contracted merchandise. 5. 8 Export Financing An exporter is one who exports the goods to another customer whether in domestic country or in abroad. In exporting the stipulated goods he may require financing. So export financing may be required at two stages. Pre shipment credit. Post shipment credit 5. 8. 1 Pre shipment credit: Pre shipment credit is the credit, which is given to finance the export activities of an exporter for the actual shipment of goods. The purpose of each credit is to meet the working capital needs from the procuring of raw materials to the transportation of goods for the export the foreign country. Before sanctioning of that credit the Bank takes into consideration the credit worthiness, export performance of the exporters together worthiness all other information required for sanctioning the credit in accordance with the existing rules & regulations. Pre shipment credit takes the following forms: ? Export cash credit (Hypothecation). ? Export cash credit (Pledge). ? Export packing credit. ? Back-to-Back letter of credit. Export cash credit (Hypothecation): Under this arrangement the Bank sanction the Loan to the first class exporter because there is no security against this Loan. The letter of hypothecation creates a charge against the merchandise in favor of the Bank but neither the ownership not the possession is passed to it ( Export cash credit (Pledge): Under this arrangement the Bank advance Loan to exporte r against pledge of raw materials or exportable goods. The exporter surrenders the physical possession of goods under Bank’s effective control till the payment of dues to the Bank as security. If the exporter does not able to pay the Loan the Bank can sell the exportable goods to recover the amount. ( Packing credit: Under this arrangement credit facilities are extended against security of Railway receipt/Steamer receipt/Truck receipt/Vessel receipt, evidencing transportation of goods to the port for shipment of the goods in addition to the usual charge documents & lien of export letter of credit. This type of credit is sanctioned for transitional period from dispatch of goods to negotiations of export documents. It is mainly given for payment of factory salary & wages. ( Back to back letter of credit: Under this arrangement the Bank Finances export business by opening a letter of credit on behalf of the exporter who has received a letter of credit from the overseas buyer but not the actual manufacturer or producer of these exportable goods. Since the second letter of credit is opened on the strength of & backed by another letter of credit, it is called â€Å"Back to back† credit. The need for a back-to-back letter of credit arises because the beneficiary of the original letter of credit may have to procure the goods from actual producer who may not supply the goods unless the Bank guarantees its payment. . 8. 2- Post Shipment Credit: There is a time gap between export of the goods and realization of the proceeds. So exporter may require finance in that period to continue his business. So Bank may finance against export documents ensuring the following: 1. Export documents comply the credit terms. 2. Party’s past performance is satisfactory. 3. Any other security in c ase of export under contract. 5. 9 Foreign Remittance Foreign remittance means remittance of foreign currencies from one place/person to another place/person. In broad sense, foreign remittance includes all sale and purchase of foreign currencies on account of Import, Export, Travel and other purposes. However, specifically foreign remittance means sale & purchase of foreign currencies for the purposes other than export and import. PBL performs the remittance function with different countries. It maintains the foreign remittance in the following form: Foreign Demand Draft. Inward Outward. 5. 9. 1 – Foreign Demand Draft (FDD): A foreign demand draft is a negotiable instrument issued by a Bank drawn on ther Bank with another country the instruction to pay a certain amount to the beneficiary on demand. Remittance through demand draft may be inward or outward. 5. 9. 2 – Inward Remittance Inward remittance refers to the extent where the Bank makes payment to the client against foreign demand draft. Bank will make payment to the client by verifying the, test number, and signature of the authorized officer. Two forms as prescribed b y Bangladesh Bank are used for purchase of Foreign Currencies such as. EXP Form: Remittances received against exports of goods from Bangladesh are done by form EXP. Form C: Inward remittances equivalent to US$2000/- and above are done by Form† C†. However, declaration in Form C is not required in case of remittances by Bangladesh Nationals working abroad. 5. 9. 3 – Outward Remittance It refers to the extent where by the Bank issues foreign demand draft. The Bank charges TK. 300 per Demand Draft. Two forms are used for Outward remittance: IMP Form: All outward remittance on account of Imports is done by form IMP. T. M. Form: For all other outward remittances form T. M. is used. 5. 9. 4 -Collection of foreign currency instruments: To collect proceed of Foreign Instrument following procedures to be maintained: 1. Receive instrument with deposit slip. 2. Affix crossing stamp of the Bank. 3. Entry in the register putting IBCA number. 4. Affix endorsement â€Å"pay to the order of any Bank or trust company, prior endorsement guaranteed†. 5. Instrument to be sent to adjacent correspondents. 5. 9. 5 Miscellaneous Services given by this Department: |Student |Students who are desirous to study abroad can open file in the bank. By opening this file, bank assures the | |File |remittance of funds in abroad for study. |NRIT |‘Non –resident Investors’ Taka Account is an account by which Non-resident Bangladeshi can deposit foreign | |Account |currency for | | |investment in security of stock exchanges. For such accountholders, 5% of primary shares are reserved. | |F. C. |Foreign Currency accounts are opened in the names of Bangladeshi nationals or persons of Bangladeshi origin | |Account |workin g or self-employed in abroad and are maintained as long as the account holders’ desire. |NFCD |Stands for Non-resident Foreign Currency Deposit Eligible | | |Persons may open such accounts even after their return to Bangladesh, within six months of their arrival. | |RFCD |Stands for Resident Foreign Currency Accounts Persons ordinarily resident in Bangladesh may maintain foreign | |Accounts |currency accounts with foreign exchange brought in at the time of their return to Bangladesh from visit | | |abroad. Balance of such accounts is freely remittable to abroad. CHAPTER-SEVEN PROBLEMS & OPPORTUNITIES Problems and opportunities of prime bank limited are discussed through the sowt analysis which is given below: SOWT Analysis: By analysing the Bank’s performance, I get the following Strength opportunity, weakness and threat (SOWT). Strength: It has well reputation in the market Not engaged in unfair business practice. Officers are highly educated. Executives are highly qu alified and experienced. Bank has many attractive deposit schemes. Well-furnished and Air-conditioned Bank. Efficient management practice in the Bank. Faster (T24) software is under implementation. In Singapore there is a PRIME EXCHANGE HOUSE. In CAMEL rating Bank achieved as No. 1 Bank. Percentage of bad loss is very significant (prox. 2%) Membership with SWIFT. Good Banker-customer relationship. Weakness: Deposit is lower than advance. Long-term credit is not sufficient. Small market shares in Banking-business. In present time Bank facing liquidity problem. Daily basis interest on deposit offered by other banks. Existing PCB software does not fulfill all requirement Opportunities: Can increase the credit scheme. Can increase the advertising of the Bank. Private Banks becomes more reliable to local public. Govt. as banned some ‘Jatiya Sanchaya patra’. Threat: There are many competitors in the market. Competitors have more deposit. Govt. imposes tax and VAT on profile. Govt. pressures to reduce interest rate. CHAPTER –EIGHT CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION Conclusion: Bank is the largest organization of mobilizing surplus domestic savings. Attractive Savings Sche mes are offered by PBL such as Contributory Savings Scheme, Monthly Benefit Deposit Scheme, Special Deposit Scheme, Education Savings Scheme, Fixed Deposit Scheme, Prime Bank Money Scheme, Prime Bank Insured Fixed Deposit Scheme as well as different accounts to save money. Schemes are designed concentrating in different purposes to help the fixed income group people to help in need. Bank-Officials are also whole-hearted and dedicated to serve their customer with utmost care. Credit Management policies and techniques used in PBL at present no doubt is comparable to international standards. The officials follow the policy very strictly. They are choosy and conservative in sanctioning loan. The proposal is thoroughly scrutinized by the loan sanctioning authority. The total function of the credit division is monitored periodically. The bank’s classified loan to the total Advance is very low. Management and others related to Prime Bank are trying to formulate new services and products. PBL always try to increase foreign exchange through import, export and remittance. This bank always conceives amicable behaviour with exporters and helps them in their business activities as a trustee friend. It encourage importer to import goods in legal procedure and provide financial assistance for doing business smoothly. This bank contribute to our economy in a great deal by transacting remittance from different countries. Keeping this thought in the management’s mind they made different deed with several foreign banks in abroad to collect money from our service holders and remit it to our country through this bank. In Singapore bank open a â€Å"PRIME EXCHANGE HOUSE† to help our people who employed in that country. Recommendation: Prime Bank Ltd. is one of the most potential Banks in the banking sector. It has a large portfolio with huge assets to meet up its liabilities and the management of this bank is equipped with the expert bankers and managers in all level of management. So it is not an easy job to find out the drawbacks of this branch. I would rather feel like producing my personal opinion about the ongoing practices in Motijheel Branch. For the improvement of the service the following measures should be taken: ? Providing more industrial loans: It seemed to me that the bank having a large amount of deposit is not encouraging the large scale producers that much of long term industrial loans to accelerate the economy as well as to help the economy to solve unemployment problem. ? Ensure Proper Division of manpower In The Desk: There is lack of division of manpower in the branch. Therefore every body has to handle every type of banking services. This decreases the level of performance of the personnel, though it reduces monotonousness. But lack of division of manpower hampers the discipline of working environment. So customers are to wait for some time for the desired service, which is contrary to the Baking’s objective. ? Development of Human Resources: Human resource is another sector for the branch to be developed urgently. Human resources, in the branch, need to be equipped with adequate banking knowledge. Majority of the human resources must be having basic knowledge regarding money, banking, finance and accounting. Without proper knowledge in these subjects, efficiency cannot be optimised. Bank can arrange training program on these subjects. ? Ensure Proper Maintenance of Files: Prime Bank Ltd. gives personalized services. All the officers have to give concentration to the customers, while doing this they cannot properly maintain the customer files. In many cases, application forms are not properly filled up and documents are not properly filed. Every staff should try to reduce these irregularities. ? Ensure Proper Maintenance of Office Premises: Motijheel Br. is supposed to be very neat and clean and well decorated. But sometimes it loses its glamour. The facility staffs are not regular in their duties and files and papers are kept here and there by the officers during the busy hour. This habit must be changed. Moreover, the sitting arrangement is very insufficient comparing with the number of customers. So Motijheel Br. Of PBL must pay attention to this issue. ? Ensure Proper Communication System and Maintenance of Machineries: Most of the time the branch’s computers remain out of order and it is also true for the photocopiers. Attention should be given on proper maintenance of phone, computer, fax machine and photocopier. Ensure Sufficient Forms and Brochures: There are always shortages of application forms, brochures, etc. in the branch. These Forms and Brochures must be maintained in sufficient quantity. Otherwise, customer service will be hampered ? Offer Some Loan and Deposit Scheme Exclusively for The Premium Customers: All the lending and savings packages offered to the Premium cu stomers are same as offered to the general customers, excepting the waiver of service charges for Premium Ones. Prime Bank Limited should try to introduce more attractive lending and savings scheme to its Premium customers to create more business for the Bank. The Bank can pay more attention to this segment of customers, as it is the most solvent group from which income can be generated if the package is designed properly. ? Implement T24 software more quickly: Bank’s implementation of T24 software and data migration activities should continue more quickly because day to day overhead cost increases for that purpose. ? More Gifts and Discounts for The Marginal Customers: Premium Customer should be offered occasional gifts and discounts, which can make the Premium Service more attractive and keep consumer delight. The interest rates on several loan and deposit schemes should be differentiated for the Premium customers Reference By: Peter Rose. By: L. R. Chowdhury. Consultation with the Following Persons ? Iftekher Uddin, SAVP and In-Charge of General Banking Division Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Mohammad Faruq, SAVP and In-Charge of Foreign Exchange Division. Motijheel Br. PBL. ? A. K. M. Jan-e ALAM,AVP; and In-Charge of Credit Division Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Hafizur Rahman Mollik, FAVP; Supervisor of L/C opening. Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Afzalun-Nnhar,FAVP. General Banking Division,Motijheel Br. PBL. Arif Hasan Khan, EO, Credit Division, motijheel Br. PBL. ? Mohammad Abdul Matin; Principal Officer, Credit division, Head office ,PBL. ? Masum Mahmud Baqui, Principal Officer, Corporate Banking, Head Office, PBL. ? Fahmida Sultana, Officer; General Banking Division, Motijheel Br. PBL. ? MD. Rashedul Hasan Khan, Joiner Officer, General Banking Division. Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Khaleda Farhana, Jonier Officer, Gene ral Banking Division; Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Zahid Hasan; Junior Officer; Accounts Section; Motijheel Branch; PBL. ———————– Issuing Bank (Bangladesh) Advising Bank (India) Reimbursing Bank (Japan) Negotiating Bank (India)

Reading comprehension Essay

|Types of Reading | |Maija MacLeod | |[pic] | |In this Page: | |Overview | |Intensive Reading | |Extensive Reading | |Intensive and Extensive Reading Together | |Scanning | |Skimming | |Scanning and Skimming Together | |References | |[pic] | |Overview: | |Several types of reading may occur in a language classroom. One way in which these may be categorized ,| |as suggested by Brown (1989) can be outlined as follows: | | A. Oral | | B. Silent | | I. Intensive | | a. linguistic | | b. content | | II. Extensive | | a. skimming | | b. scanning | | c. global | |The first distinction that can be made is whether the reading is oral or silent. This web page will not| |deal with oral reading, only silent reading. | |Within the category of silent reading, one encounters intensive and extensive reading. Intensive | |reading is used to teach or practice specific reading strategies or skills. The text is treated as an | |end in itself. Extensive reading on the other hand, involves reading of large quantities of material,| |directly and fluently. It is treated as a means to an end. It may include reading reading simply for | |pleasure or reading technical, scientific or professional material. This later type of text, more | |academic, may involve two specific types of reading, scanning for key details or skimming for the | |essential meaning. A relatively quick and efficient read, either on its own or after scanning or | |skimming, will give a global or general meaning. | |This web page then will first examine intensive reading. The second part will deal with extensive | |reading, with a focus on how it results in a general or global meaning. The fourth part gives a short | |comment on how intensive and extensive reading may operate in the same class. The fourth part examines | |scanning and the fifth, scanning. A final sixth part comments on how scanning and skimming may be used | |in the same reading. | | | |[pic] | |Intensive Reading | |In this section: | |What it is | |How it looks | |-Characteristics | |-Materials | |-Skills developed | |-Activities | |-Assessment | |When it is used | |Role of the teacher | |Advantages | |Disadvantages | |Questions sometimes asked | | | |What it is | |Brown (1989) explains that intensive reading â€Å"calls attention to grammatical forms, discourse markers, | |and other surface structure details for the purpose of understanding literal meaning, implications, | |rhetorical relationships, and the like. † He draws an analogy to intensive reading as a â€Å"zoom lens† | |strategy . | |Long and Richards (1987) say it is a â€Å"detailed in-class† analysis, led by the teacher, of vocabulary | |and grammar points, in a short passage. † | |Intensive Reading, sometimes called â€Å"Narrow Reading†, may involve students reading selections by the| |same author or several texts about the same topic. When this occurs, content and grammatical structures| |repeat themselves and students get many opportunities to understand the meanings of the text. The | |success of â€Å"Narrow Reading† on improving reading comprehension is based on the premise that the more | |familiar the reader is with the text, either due to the subject matter or having read other works by | |the same author, the more comprehension is promoted. | |How it looks | | Characteristics: | |usually classroom based | |reader is intensely involved in looking inside the text | |students focus on linguistic or semantic details of a reading | |students focus on surface structure details such as grammar and discourse markers | |students identify key  vocabulary | |students may draw pictures to aid them (such as in problem solving) | |texts are read carefully and thoroughly, again and again | |aim is to build more language knowledge rather than simply practice the skill of reading | |seen more commonly than extensive reading in classrooms | | Materials: | |usually very short texts – not more than 500 words in length | |chosen for level of difficulty and usually, by the teacher | |chosen to provide the types of reading and skills that the teacher wants to cover in the course | | Skills developed: | |rapid reading practice | |interpreting text by using: | | -word attack skills | | | | -text attack skills | | -non-text information | |Activities: | |Intensive reading exercises may include: | |looking at main ideas versus details | |understanding what is implied versus stated | |making inferences | |looking at the order of information and how it effects the message | |identifying words that connect one idea to another | |identifying words that indicate change from one section to another | | | | Munby (1979) suggests four categories of questions that may be used in intensive reading. These | |include: | |Plain Sense – to understand the factual, exact surface meanings in the text | |Implications – to make inferences and become sensitive to emotional tone and figurative language | |Relationships of thought – between sentences or paragraphs | |. Projective – requiring the integration of information from the text to one’s own background information| |Note that questions may fall into more than one category. | |. | |Assessment: | |Assessment of intensive reading will take the form of reading tests and quizzes. | |The most common systems of questioning are multiple-choice and free-response. | |Mackay (1968) , in his book Reading in a Second Language, reminds teachers that the most important | |objective in the reading class should NOT be the testing of the student to see if they have | |understood. Teachers should, instead, be spending most of the time training the student to understand | |what they read. | |When it is used | |when the objective of reading is to achieve full understanding of: | | – logical argument | | – rhetorical pattern of text | | – emotional, symbolic or social attitudes and purposes of the author | | – linguistic means to an end | | for study of content material that are difficult |.

A review of an article (Carr) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A review of an article (Carr) - Essay Example The chief information officers have the role of ensuring that the senior managements are equipped with ideas that can leverage IT investments so that they can be different from other businesses and have advantage over the others. Commoditization of IT has the hallmark of infrastructural technology. It is based on the fact that it is a transport mechanism that is concerned with digital information. Like in the case of railroads how it carries goods and power grids carry electricity. IT has been used as a medium that is used to carry digital information and thus increasing interconnectivity and interoperability with other users. Through sharing of information in local area networks, ethernet or to internet individuals are connected. The use of technology in the business brings greater homogenization and well functionality (Nicholas, 2003). In the business when IT is encourage, it implies that transparency and accountability is attained in the organization. Additionally, IT has made businesses to perform their daily routines in a faster way. Manual work that used to be done by entire staff is being done by one employee who is accurate and hits the deadlines. Businesses are engaging in software related issues that help to generate inventory stock. For example, one does not need to write an application using word processing since there is chain management that is ready –made and sold at affordable cost. Most business activities have to use software that has generic applications. They consider generic applications due to cost and interoperability. Internet accelerates commoditization of IT since it helps businesses to have the opportunity to deliver generic applications. The third parties retailers provide the software’s to the companies just like how power is distributed to the consumers. The major vendors of the software’s , like Microsoft, IBM try to position

Assess the arguments for and against the claim the American news media Essay

Assess the arguments for and against the claim the American news media is inherently biased in favour of liberalism - Essay Example On the other side of the coin, it is possible that the media may have a liberal bias and since liberals get what they want to see that is why liberals are least likely to raise their voice against media bias in United States. This paper is an attempt to explore the same by assessing the arguments presented by critics, which are both for and against a liberal bias in the American news media (Anderson, pp. 62-68, 2005). Media bias refers to â€Å"perceived attribute of a news source whereby the individual news source, or the group the news source represents, has a clear ‘vested interest’ in a cause or action relative to maintaining or changing the status quo? (And) a biased journalistic perspective, then, would mean only one side, not two or more sides, of an issue is presented† (Alterman, pp. 210-212, 2004). Critics favoring the existence of a liberal bias present many studies which reveal that there are far more democrat journalists as compared to republican journalists. For example, a study conducted in 1999 by the American Society of Newspaper editors revealed that 61 percent of the newsroom respondents identified themselves as democrats or their thoughts bear the most resemblance to that of democrats. However, only a mere 10 percent of newsroom respondents identified that they either are republicans or believe that their thoughts are represented by the republican ideals. Furthermore, these percentages change when one considers the small newspapers. The number of democratic supporters’ drops down to 48 percent and the number for republicans rise to 21 percent. This debate received more heat when the figures of the amounts donated to democratic and republican party from the employees of NBC, CBS and ABC came on to the scene. The Democratic Party received the donations of over 1 million US dollars from approximately 1160