Changes in Health and Social Care Policy of the UK Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The Poor laws implemented by Royal commission in 1832 anticipated the modern UK welfare state. They were ceased when it was found that they were abused by people. As the labor party became very popular with the people, the Liberal party initiated Liberal welfare reforms and laid the foundation of the modern state. Gradually, they were extended to all fields during next 40 years. After World War I, the governments were keen to reform the system to reduce mass social unrest risk. As government amassed total control of the state over every part of the economy during Second World War, most of the people were used to the idea of the ability of the state to resolve many issues in all parts of the state. After the founding of NHS is 1948, they are in favor of extending its reach to all over the country. Universalism can be broadly defined as the minimum set of high-quality services including palliative, promotive, curative, preventive and rehabilitative health services that should be a vailable to all users at an affordable rate without any qualification (What is universal coverage? The main obligations in these services are with regard to some mandatory services, which are provided to all UK residents. In addition to that, it also establishes the end-user s rights and a corresponding undertaking by health care services. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes in Health and Social Care Policy of the UK or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The eligibility criteria include the particular characteristics and type of health care needs and its severity and intensity. In addition to that, the guidelines also include the complexity of the requirements and the unpredictability of the requirements, including the health risks

Essay about Malcolm X - 979 Words

Malcolm X The history of the United States has in it much separation or segregation due to race. For a long time our country has seen racism as a large problem and this has caused ethnic groups to be looked down upon or forced into a lifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this, races, particularly African-Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations that support change. Malcolm X is one strong example of a colored man who fell into this type of hate and acted against it, uniting people to promote the advancement of colored people and change. At a young age, Malcolm saw the ways in which blacks were seen as inferior,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I reflected many, many times to myself upon how the American Negro has been entirely brainwashed from ever seeing or thinking of himself, as he should, as a part of the nonwhite peoples of the world.† – Malcolm X Malcolm begins to realize that all the white people surrounding him as constantly either indirectly or directly telling him that he does not belong in their world, and they would not let him in even if he was qualified, due to his color. At this point he knows he must leave this area and leaves his foster home to live with his sister in Boston. Although Malcolm finds work, they are dead end jobs and this leads him to have to earn money in less acceptable ways such as drugs, betting, and stealing. This is how many problems occur in poor black communities today, due to the lack of choice and opportunity for advancement. Many years of this cause him danger and drug addiction until finally he ends up in jail and his transformation begins. Malcolm meets a man named Bibi and after listening to him talk begins to study many intellectually subjects. He became particularly intrigued with the ideas of a man named Elijah Muhammad. This man founded the Nation of Islam, which Malcolm joins after getting out on parole. From here, Malcolm becomes a powerful influence and believes completely in the teachings of this form of Islam.Show MoreRelatedMalcolm X2364 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction Malcolm X is seen as quite a controversial person. His admirers see him as a courageous human rights activist who campaigned for the rights of African Americans and showed white America how racist it was. His enemies see him as a racist, anti-Semitic and violent person. Malcolm X was orphaned early in life. At the age of six his father was killed and it has been rumoured that white racists were responsible. Seven years later his mother passed away after which he lived in a seriesRead MoreMalcolm Of The Malcolm X Journey2039 Words   |  9 PagesThe Malcolm X Journey Malcolm Little was born in the mid twentieth century, these were difficult times for the black youth. As Little grew older he knew there needed to be change, he was one of the few people that was capable of making that happen for the fellow African-American and African. At a very young age Malcolm grasped the concept that there s something not right, that there needed to be an alteration and thus is where he started his studies. Malcolm needed to be outspoken he wanted toRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X962 Words   |  4 PagesMalcolm X On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was born to Louise and Earl Little. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. Malcolm was the seventh of eleven children. Malcolms father, Earl, was a Baptist minister from Reynolds, Georgia. His mother was raised in Grenada in the British West Indies. His father was also became an organizer for Marcus Garveys Universal Negro Improvement Association. Marcus Garvey and his followers fought for racial separation and more power for blacks. Growing up, MalcolmsRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1346 Words   |  6 Pagesamong all of these leaders though, Malcolm X. Although fighting for the same thing as his colleagues in the civil rights movements, he was considered by many to represent the more extreme side of the battle for equality in the United States. It is his standout views and beliefs that make Malcolm X one of the most prominent and fascinating African-American leaders in the 1950s and 60s. Malcolm X was born May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska by the name of Malcolm Little. His childhood was plaguedRead More Malcolm X Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesMalcolm X Malcolm X, a civil rights leader in the 1960s believed that blacks and whites should be segregated. He also believed that white man was evil and were trying to brainwash all blacks and that Martin Luther Kings non-violent protests werent working and that violence was needed for change. Malcolm Xs life was a life with a lot of conflict and violence in it. Malcolm X was born under the name of Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. His father was a baptist minister and anRead MoreThe Education Of Malcolm X Essay984 Words   |  4 Pageswrite to express your feelings and communicate with others. Frederick Douglass and Malcom X both succeeded in learning how to read and write, but in different ways. The education of Malcolm X was learned more formally. Frederick Douglass learned from his surroundings and the people around him. Malcom and Frederick battled in reading and writing, but learned in similar and different ways. During the 1960s, Malcolm X was one of many articulate and powerful leaders of black America. Before he was a streetRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X791 Words   |  4 Pageslife. Malcolm X told his life story of how he overcame in his autobiography simply called The Autobiography of Malcolm X as told to Alex Haley. His life changed the world historically, socially, and especially politically by taking a stand against racism of all kinds which still exists in today’s â€Å"modern† standards. Using his personal life experience with racism towards African-Americans, Malcolm spreads the word on equality for all with a realistic tone that inspires trust in him. Malcolm X reachesRead MoreWho is Malcolm X?1087 Words   |  5 PagesMalcolm X Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the son of Louise Norton and Earl Little. He lived with 7 brothers and sisters. Malcolm’s father was an outspoken Baptist minister and on various occasions received death threats forcing his family to relocate twice before Malcolm’s fourth birthday. Malcolm’s father Earl Little, was a man of the Baptist preaching community who was a supporter of large civil right movements. Earl had many encounters withRead MoreEssay on Malcolm X1699 Words   |  7 Pages The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley was published in 1965. It is national best seller about the life and times of Malcolm X. On May 19, 1925 Malcolm Little was born in Omaha, Nebraska. His father was a preacher who spoke out about the unity of black people. This caused several white racists to strike out against Malcolm’s father and his family violently. His family moved to Lansing, Michigan where Malcolm, his parents, brothers, and sisters were shot at, burned out of their home, harassed

Drama, Drama, Drama Essay Example For Students

Drama, Drama, Drama Essay I am in the Air Force and work in Air Terminal Operations Center. Itis really just a big title meaning that we make sure things get done ontime. My job entails a wide rage of responsibilities from making sure thatpassengers and cargo are downloaded and uploaded in a timely manner and thecrews of the aircrafts dont cry due to lack of coffee. My shift is smallwith only two main characters and Im one of them, but we do interact withthe other two shifts daily. I have in time come to the conclusion that halfof my coworkers are bipolar and the other half of them are crazy. A shiftchange and complete shift can always result in the maximum amount of rudeand impolite things said to each other. Although we bicker and have a lackof knowledge in certain areas of politeness, we get the mission complete. On an average day I show up at 2:15 p.m., a good 20 minutes earlyjust to try to figure what is going on that day and listen to all thethings I supposedly messed up the day prior. Day shift has only two realplayers and one day the police are bound to be called due to violenceexhibited toward each other. SSgt Brown and SrA Gibson are a greatcombination and a great example of craziness, but amazingly day after daythey get their job completed. On any single day you can walk in and see oneof them throw a back pack at the other for something as simple as the backpack being in the way. They constantly bicker back and forth about smallthings from a lunch schedule to who is going to put paper in the printer. Although they play around and goof off, as soon as a plane lands and thereis work to do they get the job done. Given there are always sly commentsmade and dirty looks given, they correctly do their job. Just last week Ishowed up at 2:00 p.m. because I had stuff to do before I started workingand when I walked in the two were standing up yelling at each other overwho was going to go out to the plane that just landed. This particularargument stemmed from the fact that they both wanted to leave early butsomeone was going to have to stay to work with me. I went ahead and wentout to the aircraft and let the two fight it out which turned out to be abad idea. They both decided that neither was going to leave nor were theygoing to do anything. They both sat at their desk without speaking a wordto each other until the rest of my shift showed up. Out of all my coworkers I like to believe that I am the only normalone for the fact that I realize I do dumb things daily. My shift supervisoris what I like to think of as a circus freak. SSgt Krysler cant be tallerthan five feet flat and has no sense of humor. Daily he is the butt of alljokes and rude comments. He always strolls into work just on time and doesnot even know how to correctly do his job correctly. Everyday he asks me ifI want to do the desk, which means that I will do all the paper work so hecan work ramp, which means he goes out to meet the aircraft and do no paperwork at all. The only reason he loves working ramp is because he doest havethe slightest clue how to do the paper work. Time after time, he has workedthe desk and another coworker or I have to go behind him to correct themess he has made. A polite person would sit him down and show him how tocomplete our job, but he has already had that training and just isntpicking it up. Plus, sad as is sounds, it makes me happy to see him therewith stacks of paper around him. He gets that look in his eye like a lostpuppy dog who just wants to go home. I admit I am the devil and will oneday go to hell, but this is when I usually tell him I need to leave earlybecause I have some fake appointment in the morning and need to sleep. Evenwhen I leave early, or dont help SSgt Krysler with his work, I know thathe cant mess up to much. I always make sure all the important things getdone and leave him with the small paper work. The paper work only requiresthat you go over times and make sure they are correct. . Although this mayseem harsh, it is the only way he will learn, plus I cant do his job forhim everyday. .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd , .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .postImageUrl , .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd , .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:hover , .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:visited , .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:active { border:0!important; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:active , .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6822bf89507f304b31f245c096738ebd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Same sex adoption: Do I qualify? EssayThere is nothing worse than having a crappy day at work and having adumb person walk in for the shift change. Grave shift is a total of twopeople; one normal nice lady and one bipolar freak. I rarely get to seeTSgt Hughes who happens to be one of the nicest people around, due to ourdays off. But I am lucky enough to see SSgt Webster everyday I work. Ihonestly believe this woman is bipolar. I try to be polite and ask herevery evening when she comes in how she is doing. Her usual responsesinclude, What! to Did you do any thing done today! Now SSgt Webster isa hard nut to crack. She is knowledgeable in her job but has no peopleskills at a ll which makes for a bad environment. She comes in screaming andyelling asking if we got all the mandatory objectives complete that day andturns around with a smile on her face asking if we want some of the cookiesshe made. This is one scary woman but I admit she knows her job. Overall, our attitudes are our biggest set back. No one ever wants toadmit that they dont know what they are doing or ask for help, yet themission is always completed with minimal delays.

The Crusades Essay Example For Students

The Crusades Essay The CrusadesThe 11th century brought good things to the Eastern Mediterranean. There were generally no immense problems to deal with, as everything was in a very tranquil state. The people who lived there went with the flow, but what they did not know is that they would soon be part of a turning point in religious history. A large group of Christians formed a small military which was called the Crusaders. They were out to recapture the Holy land from the Muslims, and dedicated their lives to this. They were identified by red cloth that was sewn on their garments in the form of a cross. This indicated that they were the soldiers of Christ. Their name, The Crusaders was derived from the Latin word crux meaning cross, this then in turn was a reference to the biblical ruling that good Christians always carry a cross. The Crusaders existence was based on strong religious beliefs more then any of the other minor reasons they were established. The Crusaders also resurrected an older tradition of the pilgrimage to the Holy Land, which was often imposed as a reconciliation of your-self. They assumed two roles: pilgrims and soliders. Armed pilgrims would normally not be accepted, but in this case they were, because they were fighting for the Christian Holy Land. This made the war justifiable in their eyes. In the 7th century the Muslims took control of Jerusalem, and in the 11th century they began to hassle and interfere with Christian pilgrims and teaching in the Jerusalem area. To the Christians Jerusalem was a heavenly city, the center of their existence and they did not take lightly to being pushed out. The Popes encouragement, religious indulgences, and promise of eternal merit provoked thousands of Christians to enroll in this holy military to fight for the cause. The Crusades were also a response to the cries of help from the Byzantine Empire, who was very worried about a gaining threat in the form of the Seljuk Turks. In 1071 Jerusalem was taken and the Byzantine army went down at Miniskirt to the Turks. This caused a bad economic state for the west and the Crusades were a last stab at extending trade routes and bring the Byzantine Empire to a status that matched a rich and flourishing Italy. Late in the year of 1095 Pope Urban announced on Tuesday, November 27 that he would hold a public session to make an announcement. This was the beginning of what was to be the First Crusade. He thought that western Christendom should march to the rescue of the East. Rich and poor alike should go and they should stop murdering each other and instead fight a great war for what they really believe in. They believed it was Gods will and that God would lead them to victory. During his speech many interruptions took place.People yelled and rallied behind Pope Urban and other crowd members. Just after the Pope ended his speech the bishop of Le Puy dropped to his knees and asked permission to join what was first called the Holy Expedition. The crowd quickly embraced him and many followed with his example. Each man involved with the expedition was to wear a cross in symbolization of his dedication. Anyone who took this cross vowed to go to Jerusalem and fight. By August 15th everyone who was leaving was to be ready. The armies meet in Constantinople. When all arrived Pope Urban made clear that the crusade was under the control of the church, and appointed Bishop Le Puy as the their leader. This was the beginning of a great movement.The Byzantine emperor Alexious I provided the crusaders with food and shelter; he also attempted to get oaths of loyalty from them but the crusaders that would not agree. .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 , .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .postImageUrl , .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 , .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:hover , .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:visited , .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:active { border:0!important; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:active , .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671 .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ec1d084d2477d066de3b6a5cc3cb671:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Choose Abstinence Essay This caused distrust in the emperor. Which lead to the fall of Constantinople. Life during the first crusade was horrible. Men pushed themselves to their limits, they pushed on because their life would be prosperous and joyful and they would truly befriend god when it was all over. During the many years this campaign went on it finally ended and this letter was seen as an icon to the Crusades victory.This letter was translated into English:For on the very day on which they had promised that they would surrender, Solomon and all the Turks, collected from neighboring and distant regions, suddenly fell upon us and attempted to capture our camp. However the count of St. Gilles, with the remaining Franks, made and attack upon them and killed an innumerable multitude. All the others fled in confusion. Our men, moreover, returning in victory and bearing many heads fixed upon pikes and spears, furnished a joyful spectacle for the people of God In religious terms, the Crusades, hardened Muslim attitudes toward Christians. At the same time, doubts were raised among Christians about Gods will, the churchs authority, and the role of the papacy. Religious commitment halted to disinterest, and skepticism. On the other hand, the Crusades did stimulate religious enthusiasm on a broad scale. The Crusades continued many years after Pope Urban originally lead them to Constantinople. The Mediterranean had an addiction to warfare. The Crusades helped some religions, but they had to destroy and oppress others so many question if what they were doing was or did further an advancement in religion. Written by J. Humes Tucson, AZ Sorry for the inconvenience and confusion that this may have caused anyone.

Herman Melvilles Bartleby The Scrivener Is Perhaps More Relevant Toda

Herman Melville's Bartleby the Scrivener is perhaps more relevant today than when he wrote it in 1853. Bartleby is the account of a talented young scrivener who possesses great talent and potential in his career of duplicating and composing documents. The tale takes us to the upscale Wall Street area of New York City, among the buildings and law offices of the city. The young Bartleby is thrown into the typical office drudgery associated with the type of employment he was seeking. The theme of the story questions why we do, what we do, when we go to work. Also the question of why do we feel certain things are just expected of oneself when we choose to enter employment. When Bartleby took the job of a scrivener it was understood that in addition to recording documents, one also is responsible for the editing and proofreading of their own and others' work. However, Bartleby had different expectations for himself and his work. Bartleby's behavior questions all that is thought to be universal behavior while at work. Bartleby worked very hard, never taking breaks or even going home. These aspects of Bartleby were viewed as peculiar by his superior and coworkers, but were not undesirable traits. Bartleby also kept to himself most of the time, and did not get involved with office politics or affairs. Like many new employees, Bartleby had a small shared office near the boss so that he could be monitored. A comparison to life by today's office employees trapped in small cubicles could be made. The feeling of privacy is not there, and one could almost feel overwhelmed with only with their work and a small desk. These conditions may have weighed heavily on Bartleby, causing him to not feel very sociable with the others in the office. The life of drudgery as a scrivener grew weary on Bartleby. The odd behavior expressed by Bartleby continued until one day in a act of rebellion he said the words; ?I would prefer not to.? He was referring to the request by his boss the edit his copy. The boss, shocked by this insubordinate behavior and politely asked again, and drew the same response from Bartleby; ?I would prefer not to.? His boss assumed this was a temporary problem with Bartleby and assumed that it would pass in a day or so. His coworkers viewed his action as very odd, and even suggested as ?loony? by one worker. His phrase now consumed every conversation he had with those in the office. His standard response to a request by someone in his office was; ? I would prefer not to.? These words of defiance eventually led to Bartleby's dismissal from his job, and when asked to leave he refused to. This eventually led to his boss being forced to abandon his office in that building and move to another. His boss felt this would end all of his problems with Bartleby and he could go on with his life and business. However, Bartleby could not leave his mind. He was puzzled by the entire situation. The phrase, ? I would prefer not to.?, is not accepted in the workplace of then or today. It is understood that while we are at work certain things are expected of you, regardless of what you would rather do. When Bartleby spoke those words he went against all that is assumed by being employed. Bartleby carefully chose his words when being defiant. If he would have simply said no, it would be viewed as plain ignorance. However, the phrase; ?I would prefer not to.? implies that he had put thought into his response and has reason to be defiant. In the today's world of disgruntled employees taking machine guns to work to solve problems, it would be interesting to see if speaking the words of Bartleby the Scrivener would be just as effective.

Free Essays on Great Gatsby

In the summer of 1922, Nick, a working man in the bond’s business tells his story of his neighbor Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is a wealthy business man who lives in West Egg, Long Island. Gatsby was well known for his lavish weekend parties in his West Egg mansion, with excess amounts of liquor, and endless tables of food. Gatsby has an uncontrollable obsession with Nick’s cousin Daisy. She is married to a man by the name of Tom Buchanan. Tom is an old friend of Nick from their college days at Yale. Gatsby and Daisy have history together before Gatsby fought in World War I. Gatsby was stationed at a military base near Daisy’s home in Louisville Kentucky. They fell in love with one another but broke up when he had to leave for war. She promised to wait for him when he returned, but she never did. She then married Tom, who had a higher social status than Gatsby at the time. Although Daisy remained faithful to her husband throughout their marriage, Tom did not. Tom was having an affair with George Wilson’s wife Myrtle. George owned an automotive garage in the valley. Gatsby would like for Nick to arrange a tea party at Nick’s house without Daisy knowing that he will be showing up, forcing her to see him. Nick obliges to Gatsby’s wishes, and both Gatsby and Daisies rekindle their love for each other. They continue to see each other without Tom knowing that they are more than friends. One day Nick drives to East Egg the more prestigious, upscale part of Town, where Tom and Daisy live. Also joining them was Gatsby and Jordan Baker, who is a friend of Daisy as well as Nick’s lover. Daisy complains of her boredom and asks Gatsby if he wants to go into the city. Tom then steps in and agrees with Daisy that it would be a good idea. Nick rides with Jordan and Tom in Gatsby’s car, and Daisy and Gatsby rides together in Tom†™s car. On the way there they stop for gas at Wilson’s garage for some gas. They learn that Mr. Wilson found o... Free Essays on Great Gatsby Free Essays on Great Gatsby Timed Re-writing: The Great Gatsby In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, the character Jay Gatsby is neither a tragic hero nor a hero at all. In my opinion, Gatsby has done enough work to make it seem as if he classifies to be a hero or a tragic hero. Although behind all of his work, it revealed truly as to who and what he is. There are those who are responsible for the ending of his life. So, those who are around him are all collectively responsible. Jay Gatsby is not a tragic hero because of his behaviors and actions that was done throughout the book. According to the AP Language on Tragedy and Tragic Flaw/Hero, a tragic hero is a person â€Å"who may bring about his or her own downfall because of an error in judgment of because of a personality failure.† Jay Gatsby definitely â€Å"bring[s] about his own downfall.’ Not only he ruined his own life, he also jeopardized the Buchanan’s marriage, even though Tom himself is having an affair. His desire to be with Daisy Buchanan is not achieved because of many different situations. For example, Jay Gatsby is not from the same social class as the spoiled, delicate, little princess - Daisy. He does not do enough work to make his dream come true. He put in his mind the effort to achieve his highest goal, although, he stopped when he was almost done. Gatsby simply stands around during many of the situations throughout the book, hoping and having others do what he sh ould have done. For instance, inviting Daisy to have tea with him and Nick Carraway. What was worse, moreover, is the fact when he had Jordan Baker talk to Nick for him. He does not have the confidence to confront Nick and is too ashamed of himself to ask Nick to do such things. Jay Gatsby is not a hero also because of his actions and behavior. Throughout the novel, Jay Gatsby does not do much action. All he did was stand around waiting for his goals and desires to come to him. With this, it demonstrates that Jay... Free Essays on Great Gatsby Deeper Thought: the symbolism of â€Å"The Great Gatsby† It is understood that in language, each word has a specific understood meaning, and each combination of words has a compiled meaning. But throughout history, there have been writers who pushed the limits of words, who brought an underlying meaning to the words, and demanded consideration from their readers. F. Scott Fitzgerald was able to bring more depth into simple words. He was able to portray more than one meaning with simple sentences. Fitgerald used amazing symbolism throughout the book â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, and it forces the reader to consider each word for more than face value. Because of the great quantity of underlying symbolism within the story, it is difficult to select just two aspects to focus on. However, in the following paragraphs I have decided to examine the symbolism of â€Å"Daisy’s voice† and also of â€Å"The Green Light†. Throughout the story, Daisy’s character changes in the eyes of the reader from someone who is sympathized with, pitied, to someone with which it is almost impossible to feel anything but contempt. Her voice is a recurring theme in the book, and it was described somewhat abstractly, as if the sound of it could not be put into words, until the following passage on page 127: â€Å"’She’s got an indiscreet voice, ‘ I remarked. ‘Its full of-’ I hesitated. ‘Her voice is full of money.’ he said suddenly. That was it. I’d never understood before. It was full of money that was the inexhaustible charm that rose and fell in it, the jingle of it, the cymbals’ song in it... High in a white palace the king’s daughter, the golden girl....† In this passage, we gain further understanding into the character of Daisy. Gatsby observes something that we as readers are forced to imagine and consider. This passage marks the beginning of the change of Daisy in a readers mind. It has begun to ... Free Essays on Great Gatsby Fitzgerald exhibits the moral deterioration, the desire to obtain the ‘American Dream’, and how American ideals are different with the actual social conditions that exist in society, through Nick Caraway’s eyes in the novel The Great Gatsby. Each one of the characters in the novel, have a certain dream that they want to live. They each have a picture of what they want, and selfishly, they stop at nothing to get it. All; to reach what they believe to be â€Å"happiness†, puts religion, morality and kindness aside. Myrtle, whom entered her life striving to be wealthy, married a man who rented a tux for their wedding, and â€Å"wasn’t fit to lick her shoe†. She attempted to become a member of Tom’s wealthier, more sophisticated class. She begins an affair with Tom, resulting in her inheriting his values, and way of living. She begins to belittle people from her own class and loses all sense of the honor and respect she once had. Myrtle never reached the role she so desired. Instead, her life was cut short by the world she wanted to be apart of. Gatsby, the mysterious neighbor and gentleman, turns out to be nothing more then a love crazed suitor of Daisy’s. Since Daisy would not wed Gatsby because he was not rich or able to support her luxurious lifestyle, he vowed he’d get rich, and return for her. Gatsby fought to fit himself into another social group, the one of ‘old money’, and made his fate rest upon it. Gatsby obtained the riches and admiration he worked so hard to achieve, but only to be spiritually killed when he failed to win Daisy’s love. His physical death didn’t really matter, for he had already died of a broken heart. Jordan also exhibited a need for a better life. She lied herself to the top- within her golfing career and personality. Nick, who rarely talked negatively about anybody, made the comment that every word out of her mouth was a lie. Lying is a way of covering the truth, Jorda... Free Essays on Great Gatsby In the summer of 1922, Nick, a working man in the bond’s business tells his story of his neighbor Jay Gatsby. Jay Gatsby is a wealthy business man who lives in West Egg, Long Island. Gatsby was well known for his lavish weekend parties in his West Egg mansion, with excess amounts of liquor, and endless tables of food. Gatsby has an uncontrollable obsession with Nick’s cousin Daisy. She is married to a man by the name of Tom Buchanan. Tom is an old friend of Nick from their college days at Yale. Gatsby and Daisy have history together before Gatsby fought in World War I. Gatsby was stationed at a military base near Daisy’s home in Louisville Kentucky. They fell in love with one another but broke up when he had to leave for war. She promised to wait for him when he returned, but she never did. She then married Tom, who had a higher social status than Gatsby at the time. Although Daisy remained faithful to her husband throughout their marriage, Tom did not. Tom was having an affair with George Wilson’s wife Myrtle. George owned an automotive garage in the valley. Gatsby would like for Nick to arrange a tea party at Nick’s house without Daisy knowing that he will be showing up, forcing her to see him. Nick obliges to Gatsby’s wishes, and both Gatsby and Daisies rekindle their love for each other. They continue to see each other without Tom knowing that they are more than friends. One day Nick drives to East Egg the more prestigious, upscale part of Town, where Tom and Daisy live. Also joining them was Gatsby and Jordan Baker, who is a friend of Daisy as well as Nick’s lover. Daisy complains of her boredom and asks Gatsby if he wants to go into the city. Tom then steps in and agrees with Daisy that it would be a good idea. Nick rides with Jordan and Tom in Gatsby’s car, and Daisy and Gatsby rides together in Tom†™s car. On the way there they stop for gas at Wilson’s garage for some gas. They learn that Mr. Wilson found o... Free Essays on Great Gatsby Great Gatsby There is not one person in the world that does not poses any type of a character flaw. Not everyone is perferct. For most people theses flaws don’t always lead to tragic events. Unfortunitally for the characters in the book The Great Gatsby, this is not true. Certain character flaws that these characters poses lead them in to bad trouble, and even for some death. There are many different flaws that could be argued as the most â€Å"dangerous† ones, but there are three that I would like to touch on. The three main flaws that the characters poses in this book that I think are the most tragic would have to be greed, desire, and the over all loss of moral values. Most would find it slightly odd that if you have a friend, and you go to their parties, and you say that you are their friend, that when this friend dies you don’t go to their funeral. Yet this is exactly what happened in the book. Everyone loved to attend parties that Gatsby had; they didn’t really know him, yet they all called him their friend. So why exactly did they not show up at this friends funeral? They really didn’t care, that’s why. They were so into the fact that they could go to his parties, and have fun, that when it all ended they were mad that it had to stop and not at all sad at the fact that they had lost a friend. Greed had driven these people to act this way. They all wanted to have fun, and enjoy life, and really didn’t seam to care who they hurt at all. Nick was the only one who appeared to really care at all. This is not the only example of greed in the book. The main idea of the story is achieving the â€Å"American Dreamâ⠂¬ , the idea of being ritch. Greed again is present. Everyone was so willing to do anything for money. Daisy does not marry Gatsby because she thinks that Tom can offer her â€Å"Old† money, and the life that she desires. Later on she realizes that Gatsby could have offered her this too, but her greed drove h... Free Essays on Great Gatsby In the novel, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Jay Gatsby is portrayed as an individual who strives to achieve the American Dream through acts that would otherwise corrupt a common person in the 1920’s. F. Scott Fitzgerald, however, lived his life in the 1920s with ambition, devotion, and perseverance: the ideal formula for achieving financial success. But Fitzgerald didn’t always follow the rules to the American Dream of monetary prosperity. Likewise, Gatsby wasn’t always a lucky crook. Recognizing Gatsby’s and Fitzgerald’s distinctions, one may ask themselves: how can these two personages be likened to each other? The answer lies in the way in which each either progressed or was damned in living his life. The Great Gatsby is, to the most part, an autobiography of F. Scott Fitzgerald himself. All humans have at least two selves: one who wants to set goals, work hard, and achieve success; and one who would rather sit around and have fun shopping or gossiping. To understand F. Scott Fitzgerald, the man and the writer, one must be familiar with the idea of doubleness. Fitzgerald was quoted in â€Å"The Crack-Up† to have said that â€Å"the test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function† (Gottesman, 1615). Everything about Fitzgerald is touched by this idea. For example, he both loves and hated money. He was attracted to the life of the very rich as an outsider who had very little, and at the same time he hated the dishonesty, hypocrisy, and cruelty of their lives. He was disciplined, knowing that he had to have great mental and physical self-control to succeed as a writer, but he was often unable to exercise those very qualities he knew he would need in orde r to succeed. Part of Fitzgerald lived a dazzling life full of parties, joviality, and show; and part of him knew that this sort of life was a complete chara... Free Essays on Great Gatsby Fitzgerald’s The Great Winter Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald is said to have been one of the most important American writers in the twentieth century, not only for his realistic views on the â€Å"American dream† but also for his insight and use of prose. It seems as though Fitzgerald was somewhat fixed on the dreams that men strive to acquire. This is extremely apparent throughout the short story â€Å"Winter Dreams† and The Great Gatsby. In both stories, he shows the connections between love, money, and social status. Not only are these stories extremely similar in setting, but there is a parallelism between Dexter and Gatsby, and between Judy and Daisy. Dexter and Gatsby both had poor childhoods and worked extremely hard for the riches that they gained. The riches that they earned helped them fall in love with rich beautiful girls. The men believed that money could fill the idea; that they were searching for, women. Dexter and Gatsby both used their newfound wealth for their own personal enjoyment. The two men both created their romantic dreams when they were young boys and they both remember the past as much as possible. In essence, both men are extremely similar characters because they both were in search of wealth, happiness, and a beautiful girl. The parallelism between Judy and Daisy is less evident than that of Dexter and Gatsby. The two ladies are both described as pretty and enchanting characters. They both were raised in families with abundant wealth. They are portrayed as charming and elegant and give the â€Å"Illusion† of love. Dexer and Gatsby both center their lives around these women, but the women do the exact opposite in both cases. The two charming ladies lead to the downfall of their â€Å"lovers.† Judy leads to Dexter’s unhappiness and Daisy leads to Gatsby’s death.... Free Essays on Great Gatsby In Fitzgerald’s book, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald illustrates the theme, â€Å"Outward appearances can be deceiving.† This theme is shown in a few parts of the book. These outward appearances are not only found in people, but in the geographical areas of the New York area. The first deceiving outward appearance is that of Daisy. At first, we are lead to believe that she is a very happy person, as Gatsby’s love. But she is not, she is a rather tragic and selfish person. We see this when she uses Gatsby as a way to go to parties and look popular, while she is really more attracted to Tom. And in the end of the story, she takes off with Tom and doesn’t leave a trace to where they are going. There is a big irony in this. We see that Gatsby is pursuing the woman he loves. But Daisy ends up inadvertently causing Gatsbys death by killing Myrtle in the car accident, which set Wilson into a psychotic mood. Gatsby himself has an outside appearance that is deceiving. At first, we see that he is a wealthy, courteous, and handsome man who is trying to get the woman he loves. Later on, we realize that Gatsby uses enormous amounts of people to get to Daisy. By throwing these large parties to impress Daisy, he uses many people, including Nick, to get to her. Another small, but deceiving appearance is that of the New York area. New York and East Egg are seen as beautiful, wealthy cities. But these cities form a layer to cover the valley of ashes, the area of poverty and desolation of the cities. This deceiving appearance may be minor, but it is there to support a theme of the book. These issues in the book are all used by Fitzgerald to support the theme, â€Å"Outward appearances can be deceiving.† These issues all have to be pulled out of the story and torn apart before they can be understood by the reader. Fitzgerald does an excellent job of interweaving conflicts and plots to make the story... Free Essays on Great Gatsby Reserving Judgements is a Matter of Infinite Hope† pg. 6 F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby This quote is the fundamental axiom that the book revolves around. Nick’s father told this to him and he hasn’t forgotten the quote or the intrinsic moral significance that goes along with it. So much is spoken and gossiped about Jay Gatsby before he is even introduced in the novel that no one knows his true character, except for the fact he’s a rich man who throws wild parties in West Egg. In the novel, both social image and the perception of wealth play important parts in illustrating the internal class structure of West and East Egg. The fact the Gatsby is such an enigmatic character makes the audience wonder about the internal make-up of his personality, since most of his life Gatsby has been trying to escape his true image. In the case with Nick, the narrator, and Gatsby, as long as judgments are not made, Nick can be optimistic about Gatsby and their relationship and hope for the best, even if the best situation is not always reached. More generally, however, it advocates tolerance and understanding regardless of social status, or preconceived information. Within the first chapter of the novel, there is already a contradiction and a questioning of Nick’s moral integrity as he regresses from his comment slightly. While he nobly and humbly mentions that he is tolerant and nonjudgmental, he also regards himself as morally privileged, having a greater sense of ‘decencies’ than other people. It makes sense that New York’s social dichotomy and the vast difference between the rich and the poor, the arrogant and the humble has given Nick a complete moral spectrum. This quote not only symbolizes a creed that Nick lives by, but it also represents the ideal morality that unfortunately many of the frantic, materialistic, capitalistic easterners lack. Judgments and stereotypes and the declination of American values pla... Free Essays on Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby: Nick versus Gatsby Mainframe computers analyze information and present it so that the observer is able to make accurate observations. In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the narrator, Nick Carraway, tells a story in which Jay Gatsby tries to attain happiness through wealth. Even though the novel is titled after Gatsby, Nick, just as a mainframe computer, analyzes the actions of others and presents the story so that the reader can comprehend the theme. Therefore, Nick is the hero in the novel. Throughout the novel, Nick is the vehicle used to gather all of the pieces together to learn about Gatsby. Nick is a one of a kind in the novel. He also, is the only character that changes in the novel from the beginning to the end. Nick is the literary device that is employed to learn about Gatsby, which ultimately tells the theme of the story. Throughout the novel, flashbacks are inserted to reveal piece by piece about the mysterious Gatsby. Nick patches the pieces of the puzzle together regarding Gatsby's past and lack of a future. Nick is like the box of a puzzle; the puzzle is impossible to put together without it. Without Nick, the reader's opinion of Gatsby would be extremely different. The reader's opinion would be influenced by the idea that Gatsby becomes rich through bootlegging alcohol and counterfeiting bonds. Nick persuades the reader that Gatsby is "†¦worth the whole damn bunch (rich class) put together"(Fitzgerald,162). Even though Gatsby struggles to be part of the upper class, he, fortunately, is different from them. Nick also analyzes Gatsby's behaviour in order to provide the reader with details and a summary of the great man. At the end of the novel, Nick comments on Gatsby's life by stating that "(Gatsby) had come a long way to this blue lawn and his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was al... Free Essays on Great Gatsby The all out flaunting of money first came about in the 1920’s. In this time period, when people had money, they found some extravagant way to show it. The characters of The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, reflected this type of lifestyle. The three characters, Tom, Daisy, and Gatsby, each reveal the theme of money can’t buy happiness, through their own unique way. The Great Gatsby includes three very different characters that all reveal a common theme. At first, Gatsby seems to be a sophisticated, and intelligent war veteran. However, once one gets past the surface, he comes to find out that Gatsby is frantically hanging onto the past. He reluctantly reveals the truth about events in his past when directly asked about them. His obsession with Daisy almost borders on insanity. However, he made his money work for him by impressing Daisy with his home. Gatsby thought that all of his material possessions would overwhelm Daisy. Still, Gatsby’s personality won over most of the people he encountered. He was an overall charming, and charismatic character that, in the end, proves that money can’t buy happiness. Throughout most of the book, Tom was a self-centered, materialistic person. Tom thought that Daisy was so in love with his money, that he could have an affair, and it not ruin his marriage. He thought of Daisy as just another one of his shallow, money driven possessions. Tom did, however, show some compassion, when he comforted George after his wife, and Tom’s mistress, was killed. Throughout the novel, Tom blatantly showed his shallow personality through his money-centered actions. At first glance, Daisy appears to be the most innocent of all the characters, but it is quickly learned that she too is immersed into money. Her extremely shallow personality was very evident when she told Gatsby â€Å"rich girls don’t marry poor boys.† Daisy’s words triggered something in Gatsby’s mind, and he reali...

PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MATRIX MULTIPLICATION Research Paper

PARALLEL ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MATRIX MULTIPLICATION OPERATIONS REPRESENTATION USING KARNAUGH MAP - Research Paper Example The basic concept EKMR is to transform the multi-dimensional array in to a set of two-dimensional arrays. EKMR scheme implies Karnaugh Map which is a technique used to reduce a Boolean expression. It is commonly represented with the help of a rectangular map which holds all the possible values of the Boolean expression. Then the efficient data parallel algorithms for multi-dimensional matrix multiplication operation using EKMR are presented in this study which outperformed those data parallel algorithms for multi-dimensional matrix multiplication operation which used the TMR scheme. The study encourages designing data parallel algorithms for multi-dimensional dense and sparse multi-dimensional arrays for other operations as well using the EKMR scheme since this scheme produces the efficient performance for all dimensions and for all operations of the arrays. Multi-dimensional arrays which are also referred as tensors or n-ways arrays are usefully applied to a wide range of studies or methods such as climate modeling, finite element analysis (FEA), molecular dynamic and many more but still many issues have been encountered regarding efficient operations of these multi-dimensional arrays. Most of the proposed methods are successful in case of two-dimensional arrays which do not show accurate results when applied to the extended form of tensors. This occurred due to the traditional matrix representation (TMR) which is an array representation scheme that is commonly used to represent the multi-dimensional dense or sparse array. Dense and sparse are the two categories of the array form which are provided through the various data parallel programming languages [2] for instance, Vienna Fortran, High Performance Fortran, etc. If all or most of the array elements are non-zero values then it is called a dense array. On the other hand, if most of the elements of the array are zero then it is called a sparse array. When an operation is applied

Analyze the impact of technology on a field of study of your choice Essay

Analyze the impact of technology on a field of study of your choice - Essay Example It is observed that today mobile devices proliferate in corporate environments as these devices can be easily connected to company networks. Although these devices have become an integral part of the modern life, they raise certain potential challenges to the cyber security. According to experts, it is relatively easy to hack mobile devices as compared to other computer devices. Hence, they are highly prone to data theft. In addition, today mobile devices are widely used for cyber crimes because this practice reduces the chances of being caught. Despite numerous advantages including high productivity and greater convenience, mobile devices raise severe threats to cyber security. According to a study conducted among IT professionals (as cited in Dimensional research, 2012), nearly 89% of the organizations connect mobile devices to their corporate networks. Roughly 65% participants responded that their employees used private mobile devices to access the corporate networks. The particip ants also indicated the major mobile platforms used to access corporate networks were Apple iOS (30%), BlackBerry (29%), and Android (21%). Majority of the participants (64%) argued that there has been an increase in mobile devices-related security risks to their organizations over the past two years (Dimensional research, 2012). ... For instance, it is often observed that employees connect their personal mobile devices to unprotected company networks like Wi-Fi in order to access internet. This practice increases the chances of malware attacks on the company networks and subsequently the malware-affected network may cause to lose the valuable business information stored in the company’s mobile devices. In addition, fraud employees can easily copy sensitive company information to their personal mobile devices within seconds and such issues can challenge the firm’s cyber security. Similarly, mobile devices are extremely prone to theft and loss due to their small size and high portability. If mobile devices reach the hands of third parties, they can access the data stored in it using highly advanced applications even though those devices are password-protected. Due to their small size, it is easy for external people to steal mobile devices. Evidently, data theft by individuals would more harmfully aff ect an organization than data loss due to malware attacks. In case of data theft, there might be a possibility of leaking the sensitive data to business competitors. This type of data loss or theft from mobile devices would extremely impact individuals too. Probably, people will store their family-related images and videos and other personal documents on their mobile devices. If such data are accessed by unauthorized people, this would cause great troubles to the users. Kuspriyanto and Noor (2012) point that the use of NFC (near field communication) in mobile payments systems make mobile platforms vulnerable to financially motivated cybercrimes. Evidently, such issues often cause users to suffer huge financial losses. Today,

Outline what is meant by Localisation of function in the brain. Are Essay

Outline what is meant by Localisation of function in the brain. Are all psychological processes localised - Essay Example Paul Broca, a French doctor is probably one of the fundamental key players in the discovery of the localization of functions in the brain (Glassman 45). Working at an insane asylum at Bicetre in 1861, Broca met a patient who was not able to speak coherently after a head trauma that later led him to conduct an autopsy on the man’s brain and successfully demonstrated that what the man suffered from was due to some damage on a specific part of his brain (Glassman 45, Santrock 48, Serendip). From this point, further studies were conducted and until today, are progressing not only to satisfy the curiosity in man but most importantly, to help cure patients suffering from brain malfunctions. Considering divisions in the brain, early anatomists assumed that specific parts of the brain perform specific functions (Glassman 50) and true enough, recent studies established such assumptions. Among the famous contributors to the study of the functions of the brain is a German physician named Franz Joseph Gall who theorized that the bumps and depressions in the skull had something to do with personality and intelligence (Santrock 48, Serendip, Sabatini). ... Divided into two hemispheres, the right hemisphere of the cortex was found to be responsible to the control of the left side of the body while the left hemisphere controls its opposite (Glassman 50, Feldman 79, Santrock 100). Plotnik (p. 74, 2005) and Feldman (82, 2008) describe the cortex as a thin layer of cells covering the forebrain which amazingly, still is divided into four lobes having more specific functions. He further discusses the frontal lobe as responsible for the accomplishment of the use of voluntary muscles, translating and executing emotions, behaving in an accepted manner, controlling actions and character and being attentive (p. 75). This, he said was proven by a case involving Phineas Gage, a foreman in Vermont in 1848 who met an accident at work, surviving from a 3.5 feet long, 1.25 inches thick and 13 pound-rod that crossed his head entering his frontal lobe and crashing his eye. After the surgery, the foreman exhibited drastic changes in his personality from be ing friendly to impatient. His decision making was also affected leading him to making promises he was not able to keep (Plotnik 75). This event is just one of the many cases that has furthered and established the assumption of being attentive and the acquisition of social rules and moral behaviors (Plotnik 76) which is very essential to a psychologist’s understanding and managing of patients. Other important parts of the brain that need to be magnified in the field of psychology are the hypothalamus and amygdala. The hypothalamus is formed by groups of neuron cell bodies that affect a person’s sexual behavior, temperature regulation, sleeping, eating, drinking, aggression and the expression of emotion (Passer & Smith 99).

US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The discipline of International Relations is both an academic as well a public policy arena, which emerges from political science. It is the subject and channel of International Relations, which adequately addresses a foreign policy of a state within the confines of an international system. International relations also take into account role of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as multinational companies/corporations. Since the primary objective of international relations is both an analysis as well as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy tube either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such diverse areas and subjects as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of other social sciences; hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy. In addition, it also includes and addresses such varied set of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, for international relations to be practically applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, there are various theories, which ultimately lead us to the real world of policy. International relations theories thus provide a set of guidelines allowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better international outcomes. In addition, international relation theories allow for a better understanding of world events, and wherever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous issues and problems faced by the world community. One may also note that any theory, including the various international theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community; yet they do provide and assist us in first thinking about and then finding probable and the most viable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, international relation theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even anticipate the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of politics. Some of the most common and practiced international theories include â€Å"Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or rather the schools of thought which have been practiced in international politics include the international theories of Realism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29. Introduction Having briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the following dissertation will strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of one of the past centuries most disputed international issue; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The dissertation will thus address this pressing international issue from the perspective of various international theories, with a particular focus on the different approaches taken by the United States of America, and that taken by the European Union. For a better understanding of the different perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of America and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an equal and in-depth study the various international relations theories be also made part of this dissertation. The study of the more dominant, if not all the international theories becomes all the more importance as both the United States of America and the European Union group of nations each follow a somewhat different set of strategies in their international relations. The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as one international player, and the European Union group of nations as the second major player each address, view, and practice more than just a passing difference to one of the present days most pressing international conflict. As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and through the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, namely the theories of ‘Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism,’ Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered standard policy, the same will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation. The international relations theory of realism being the most widely practiced, and the fact that it is this vital theory that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or another. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations theory, that of ‘Constructivism’. It is this theory of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations. The primary distinction between the theory of realism and that of constructivism is that, the theory of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so states. On the other hand, the theory of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and pursuit of ends through peaceful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations theory. Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In Brief  International Theory of Realism One of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and show whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brief on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively. A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real; and politikimplying politics or policy. Both these terms were perhaps first coined by one of Germanys leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to bring about a suitable balance of power amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury. Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners â€Å"who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarck’s efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanity’s first ever global tragedies, that of World War I. Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of â€Å"Realism â€Å"includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally systemized classical Realism. According to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his above said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthau’s Theory of Realism are: International relations †¦is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. The key consideration †¦is the concept of interest defined in terms of power’. †¦Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning may change with time and circumstance. While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the state. The moral aspirations of a particular nation†¦ are not moral laws that govern the universe. Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1) International Theory of Realism In-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism â€Å"reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or practitioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the state alone is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another state. The theory of Realism further assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government. This implies that each state must strive to create relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism â€Å"further assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in turn call for ensuring the state’s security. Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be determined by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s. The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and military capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of â€Å"Realism is its belief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) A further insight into the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most powerful entity in the world, and that all other states ‘align themselves with this powerful state, and that too in their own interest and out of political necessity. The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism ‘assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state. The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a given area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Neo-Realism There exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the original theory of ‘Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism ‘school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various ‘structural properties of the international system’ which focuses on the distribution of power. The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a given state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided. In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only. As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the ‘security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever vigorously pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics) Yet another equally negative element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to reflection of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state. Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the said tools too are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Constructivism The theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992). Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human consciousness in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and highlight the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are dependent on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and share common factors as cultural beings. The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties. Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theory’s limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations. On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise ignored by traditional theorists of international relations. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998) The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on the material aspect, as is the case in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the preceding lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that matter domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385) The theory of constructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182) International Relation Theory of Liberalism Unlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed emphatically value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The Papacy†, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations. In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992) Brief Historical Background The above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms â€Å"as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a standard theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety. Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common history which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe. A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades; the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 marketing the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture. Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005; Lynn, 1993) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historical Dateline in Brief A brief historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the beginning and establishment of a Jewish homeland within Palestine. The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the Occupied Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys longest ever conflicts. The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the establishment of an independent Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe. One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of previous human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel. The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948. The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus successful in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state. An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue. Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolved and disputed. The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the emergence of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with suicide bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured. In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources. As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and superior military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America. Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001) The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end. Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually. One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, Israel US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict US and EU Approaches Towards Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The discipline of International Relations is both an academic as well a public policy arena, which emerges from political science. It is the subject and channel of International Relations, which adequately addresses a foreign policy of a state within the confines of an international system. International relations also take into account role of international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), as well as multinational companies/corporations. Since the primary objective of international relations is both an analysis as well as formulation of a foreign policy, it could either be positive, or normative. In order for a foreign policy tube either positive or normative, it has to inculcate such diverse areas and subjects as political science, economics, history, law, philosophy, area studies, sociology, cultural studies, and a number of other social sciences; hence its utility for both analysis as well as formulation of foreign policy. In addition, it also includes and addresses such varied set of issues as economic development, foreign aid, environmental movement, nationalism, nuclear proliferation and human rights. However, for international relations to be practically applicable, effective, or at the least in the realm body of ideas, there are various theories, which ultimately lead us to the real world of policy. International relations theories thus provide a set of guidelines allowing us to agree to, as well as arrive at shaping better international outcomes. In addition, international relation theories allow for a better understanding of world events, and wherever necessary, provide for better solutions to the numerous issues and problems faced by the world community. One may also note that any theory, including the various international theories may not provide for answers to all the problems and issues faced by the world community; yet they do provide and assist us in first thinking about and then finding probable and the most viable solutions to the horde of problems and issues faced by the world community. At the onset, international relation theories can and do provide us with alternatives, and possibly even anticipate the various courses of international events in the global spectrum of politics. Some of the most common and practiced international theories include â€Å"Constructivism, Institutionalism, Marxism, and Neo-Gramscianism. Yet, the most dominant international theories, or rather the schools of thought which have been practiced in international politics include the international theories of Realism and Liberalism (Walt, 1998, p29. Introduction Having briefly touched upon the subject of international relations and international relation theories, the following dissertation will strive to address the said two disciplines within the context of one of the past centuries most disputed international issue; the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The dissertation will thus address this pressing international issue from the perspective of various international theories, with a particular focus on the different approaches taken by the United States of America, and that taken by the European Union. For a better understanding of the different perspectives and approaches taken by the United States of America and the European Union respectively, it would only be imperative that an equal and in-depth study the various international relations theories be also made part of this dissertation. The study of the more dominant, if not all the international theories becomes all the more importance as both the United States of America and the European Union group of nations each follow a somewhat different set of strategies in their international relations. The same is true for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as both the United States of America as one international player, and the European Union group of nations as the second major player each address, view, and practice more than just a passing difference to one of the present days most pressing international conflict. As the present dissertation addresses the primary subject of the recent different approaches of the United States of America and the European for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in particular, and the Middle East Peace Process in general, it would only be imperative to commence the paper with the respective international relation theories, and through the study of these theories, present how respective international relations theories have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The following dissertation will thus strive to address the various international relation theories in brief, namely the theories of ‘Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism,’ Though all these international relation theories enjoy their distinct places in international relations and politics, the theories of Realism and Constructivism are the ones that are practiced more commonly. Since these two theories comprise and are considered standard policy, the same will comprise of majority of the discussion in the present dissertation. The international relations theory of realism being the most widely practiced, and the fact that it is this vital theory that has been at the helm of most, if not all US foreign policies, the same has also been adopted by majority of nations friendly with the United States, or have been her allies at one time or another. This will be followed by a discussion of the second most vitally important international relations theory, that of ‘Constructivism’. It is this theory of constructivism that has largely been pursued by majority, if not all the European Union nations. The primary distinction between the theory of realism and that of constructivism is that, the theory of realism premises on the realist approach, as the term so states. On the other hand, the theory of constructivism largely relies on softer modes of communication, negotiation, socialization, and pursuit of ends through peaceful measures. The dissertation will then proceed with discussions on both the United States and the European Union nations, and address the perspective and approach taken by each on the issue of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in light of the pertinent international relations theory. Some of the Dominant International Relation Theories In Brief  International Theory of Realism One of the primary topics to be discussed in the present dissertation is the role or perspective of the United States of Americano the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and show whether the United States is influenced by ideas from the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism. In this context, it would only be imperative to present brief on the international relations theory of Realism, some of its key assumptions, and then arrive at the US approach respectively. A brief on the international relations theory of Realism reveals that it has often been associated with German terms of real and realitatimplying substantive or as the term so states real; and politikimplying politics or policy. Both these terms were perhaps first coined by one of Germanys leaders in the earlier part of the 20thcentury, Bismarck. In his attempts to bring about a suitable balance of power amongst the various European states, Bismarck sought peace as one of the most viable solutions in the then Europe of the earlier 20thcentury. Bismarck was aided by a number of realpolitik practitioners â€Å"who worked equally hard to avoid an arms race in Europe. Bismarck’s efforts however did not bear any fruit, as the early part of the 20thcentury witnessed arms race amongst the various nations of Europe, as well as formation of various alliances culminating in one of humanity’s first ever global tragedies, that of World War I. Some of the principle theorist of the international theory of â€Å"Realism â€Å"includes Carr, Kenneth N. Waltz, and Hans J. Morgenthau. However, it was Morgenthaus Politics Among Nations, which perhaps formally systemized classical Realism. According to Margenthau, there exist six principles, which he outlined in his famous book, Politics Among Nations. These six points are presented in the first chapter of his above said book. These vitally important facets of Morgenthau’s Theory of Realism are: International relations †¦is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature. The key consideration †¦is the concept of interest defined in terms of power’. †¦Interest defined as power is an objective category which is universally valid, although its exact meaning may change with time and circumstance. While moral principles have a place, they cannot be defined identically at every time and place, and apply differently to individuals and the state. The moral aspirations of a particular nation†¦ are not moral laws that govern the universe. Politics is an autonomous sphere that needs to be analysed as an entity, without being subordinated to outside values (Morgenthau, 1973,Chapter 1) International Theory of Realism In-depth studies on the international relations theory of Realism â€Å"reveal that there exist a number of primary assumptions, which guide the followers, or practitioners of the Realism theory. One of the first assumptions of Realism theory is that the entire international system is anarchic implying that that is the state alone is the supreme authority, and no other state or states can or have the capacity to regulate the affairs of another state. The theory of Realism further assumes that any higher supreme authority cannot dictate a state, and that there is no existence of any world government. This implies that each state must strive to create relations with other states on their own, instead of being dictated to do so. The theory of Realism â€Å"further assumes that there is no role for any international organization, non-governmental organization, or multi-national corporation in the affairs of the state, and that the sovereignty of astute governs all the international affairs. Thus, following the assumptions of the theory of Realism, a state is a rational actor amongst the community of global nations, and will always strive toward sits self-interest, which in turn call for ensuring the state’s security. Continuing with the theory of Realism, the same state will take all measures to secure its status as a sovereign nation including but not limited to amassing of resources, and relations with other states to be determined by the respective level of power enjoyed by the other state/s. The level of power in turn is assessed from the respective states economic and military capability. Perhaps the most stringent assumption inherent in the international relations theory of â€Å"Realism is its belief that states are inherently aggressive, and further that a states economic or military expansion can only be limited by the powers of the opposing state. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) A further insight into the international relation theory of â€Å"Realism shows that it is divided into two sub-schools of thought, namely maximal realism and minimal realism. The first sub-school of realism, the maximal realism asserts that a state enjoys the status of the most powerful entity in the world, and that all other states ‘align themselves with this powerful state, and that too in their own interest and out of political necessity. The theory of maximal realism further assumes and somewhat asserts that, if there are two equally powerful entities in the world, it presents an unstable international political scenario. A prime example to this respect is that of period of Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. According the maximal theory of Realism, such a situation will eventually lead to a stable international situation where one entity or state becomes more powerful, while the other into a less powerful entity respectively. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) The second sub-school of Realism, that of minimal realism ‘assumes that the smaller and less powerful entities or states will align themselves with the most powerful entity in the world, and this would be brought about to protect the interests of the smaller and less powerful states from the interests of the larger and single most powerful entity or state. The theory of minimal realism also assumes middle policy where two equally powerful states exist, and where the smaller and less powerful states may align themselves with either of the larger powerful state. The choice of selecting one of the larger and powerful states depends on the smaller states policies of the moment. This also implies that the smaller state may remain aligned with both the powerful states at the same time, yet pursue and align with one state keeping in view the interests and policies on a given area of politics, issue, or social problem. (Waltz, 1964; Karl et al,1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Neo-Realism There exist yet another school of thought, one that is termed sane-realism. This was first coined by Kenneth N. Waltz in 1979, and was in fact an attempt at reformulating the original theory of ‘Realism in a modern and scientific perspective. One of the most works of Waltz was The Theory of International Politics, which aimed to rid the original theory of Realism of its defects. The Neo-Realism ‘school of thought, with Waltz as one of its first proponents assumes and addresses the international relations in terms of the various ‘structural properties of the international system’ which focuses on the distribution of power. The Neo-Realism theory in international relations somewhat rejects the variable of human nature in both times of war as well as peace. The neo-realism theory also neglects domestic politics of a given state, which is perhaps the darkest element of this theory. Neglecting domestic policies of states in turn paves the path for conflict and move towards war, both of which are primarily detrimental to the respective state as well as its populations. In addition, neo-realism theorys primary assumption that the international system is anarchic, as also reiterated in the opening lines of theory of realism, further confirms the theorys own assumptions that conflict and war cannot be avoided. In times of anarchy, as are the assumptions of the neo-realism theory, states pursue goals of security, either through self-help such as amassment of economic and military resources, or through the formation of alliances with those who enjoy the status the most powerful states in the world. However, the pursuit of security goals for a particular states through the neo-realism theory, whether through self-help, or through the alliances with other organizations both is somewhat practical for a short period only. As this theory does not provide a permanent solution to the security needs of that respective nation simply due to the ‘security dilemma where each state is witnessed to ever vigorously pursue attempts to improve its security, in turn provoking other states to do the same. The result of such conflicting approaches is none other than an insecure state, a condition that originally prompted the state to take or adopt policies according to the theory one-realism respectively. (Waltz, Theory of International Politics) Yet another equally negative element of the neo-realism theory is its rejection of international institutions, which normally serve as regulators of state behaviour as well as promotion pdf peace. According to the theorists of neo-realism, the international institutions are entities of self-interested great powers. The role of international institutions as per the theorists of neo-realism is limited to reflection of, instead of providing a concrete shape to the existing distribution of power in a given state. Furthermore, it is the balance of power and its pursuit, which holds true for followers of neo-realism theory. For the governance of, and pursuit of accomplishing a balance of power, the greater and more powerful entities or states acquire both the economic means as well as military strength/power. When both the said tools too are presumably insufficient, the strategy of forming alliances with stronger and more powerful powers is then pursued(Waltz, 1964; Karl et al, 1969; Mearsheimer, 1994) International Relations Theory of Constructivism The theory of Constructivism is also an important theory practiced in the arena of international relations with places particular emphasis on identities, norms, and culture in world politics. The theory of Constructivism thus allows for identities and interests of states to be used as tools for interactions, as are institutions, norms, and cultures utilized. The importance is therefore given to the different processes, rather than the structure of different actors and institutions not only for interaction, but also for arriving at peaceful means and resolutions of equally varied issues and conflicts in the realm of international relations, (Wendt, 1992). Constructivism as an international theory also explains the role of human consciousness in addressing the various problems and conflicts in the international arena of politics. Thus, one may note that the human action including the human capacity as well as the will of the respective people are duly utilized in order to nurture a deliberate attitude and highlight the significance of a given issue, such as our subject conflict of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It is the combination of the said human capacity and the will which in turn are responsible for the creation of social facts, or aspects which are dependent on the consensus of a given human agreements including but not limited to money, sovereignty and property rights respectively. The international relations theory of constructivism also explains the importance of identities and interests of the different parties to an issue or a conflict, and the fact that these parties or actors music-exist and share common factors as cultural beings. The said different parties also includes the state as one of the social actors, which in turn is bound to follow both international and domestic rules. The state in turn has to follow certain set or rules, norms, institutions, and identities, and thus allow the international relations theory of constructivism to offer new concepts for addressing and perhaps even resolving given issues and conflicts within and amongst states or parties. Thus, one may observe that the role of the human actors as parties to an issue or a given conflict, their identities and the role of institutions perhaps also act as theory’s limitation, and it is this reasoning due to which there is yet to emerge a general theory of social constructivism of reality. Thus it could be assumed that the theory of constructivism is merely confined as a philosophy or a perspective based on theory, rather than an approach to and for the study or practice of international relations. On one hand, the theory of constructivism provides for a fruitful insight otherwise ignored by traditional theorists of international relations. At the same time the theory of constructivism also allows for an alternative framework, even though the same is theoretical in both perspective and practice in the arena of international relations.(Reggie, 1998) The international relations theory of constructivism could well be summed up to include the states as being the primary units of analysis in international political theory. Furthermore, the theory of constructivism gives importance to the relationships of the various actors, including institutions within a given state, rather than focus on the material aspect, as is the case in theory of realism as one example. Another vitally importance aspect of the theory of constructivism is that it gives importance to identities and interests of a state, as also stated in the preceding lines, and somewhat overrides the role of, or system of human nature, or for that matter domestic politics in the realm of international relations. (Wendt,1994, pg.385) The theory of constructivism also offers a combination of social theory of knowledge where the involvement of all the relevant actors/players to an issue or conflict are a requisite, as well as somewhat rejects an individualist approach and theory of action, as is the case in, for example the theory of realism. Then there is the analysis of power in explaining the theory of constructivism, where theorists of constructivism argue that the distinction of the levels of observation and that of action, followed by a reflexive link between the two levels is central for a better understanding of the said theory. (European Journal of International Relations, 2000, pp.147-182) International Relation Theory of Liberalism Unlike the above-discussed theory of Realism, the international relations theory of Liberalism placed emphatically value and importance to international organizations, multinational corporations, Institutions as well as political parties of a given state. Thus, the role of such international organizations as the United Nations Organization, The International Monetary Fund, Transnational corporations to the likes of Shell, institutions such as The Papacy†, and to a certain extent political parties in a state are acknowledged as active players in the wider arena of international relations. In addition, the international relation theory of Liberalism also places broad perspective to such age-old ideas as Wilson Ian Idealism and contemporary neo-liberal and democratic peace thesis. It could also be implied that Liberalism places the value of a state as one actor amongst the different actors, as also stated in the preceding lines. Thus, allowing a state to fully cooperate with and through institutional mechanisms and use bargaining as one of the means to peacefully arrive at solving solutions and protecting interests of the respective state. (Wendt, 1992) Brief Historical Background The above sections of the dissertation briefly discuss some of the dominant theories in international relations the world over, as well as provide an insight on the international relation theory of Realisms â€Å"as a case study. The theory of Realism was chosen since it has become somewhat of a standard theory policy for majority of the western governments, with particular reference to the United States of America. In our present dissertation of Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and forthcoming discussions on the different approaches by both the United States of America as well as the European Union group of countries, it is only imperative that the said conflict be briefed in its entirety. Researchers and analysts the world over have described the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as the War of Two Rights, and rightly so, as it is the precise description which best affirms as well as defines the basic set of principles of humanity on which the conflict continues to date. Both the major partners to the conflict, the Jews and the Palestinians follow their own perspectives, ideals, and common history which has led them to become partners to one of the most volatile and complex of all present day conflicts on the globe. A glimpse on the regions history reveals that there exists a number of causes, issues, and factors which have fuelled, marred, as well as served to escalate this volatile and complex of conflicts over a period of more than 5 decades; the first vote to partition Palestine was casting 1947 marketing the beginning of the present day conflict. Though the singular event of creating a homeland for the Jews in areas that each party claims as their right was primarily between two distinct religions, Zionism and Islam, the conflict today has widened to include people of the same region/land (Palestine), same religions, and similar culture. Thus, one may observe that there are distinct branches of Muslims (Lebanese Shiite and Lebanese Sunnis) and Christians (Jews and Lebanese Christians), all of who follow their own ideals, set of principles and characteristics within the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In addition, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict today divides not only the major religions, it also includes and is more than influenced by countries as far off as the United States of America, European Union group of nations and the Soviet Union. This is not to mention the alliances, support and sympathies from equally diverse cultures and regions of a number of countries around the world for both the major parties to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Jews and the Palestinians.(Shapiro, 2005; Lynn, 1993) Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Historical Dateline in Brief A brief historical background to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that it can well be dated back to the 1800s, a period when the Jewish populations across Europe were facing severe persecutions. The answer to these persecutions led the Jews to a political movement, namely Zionism, in turn allowing them to move towards their biblical Promised Land. This was perhaps the beginning and establishment of a Jewish homeland within Palestine. The period prior to 1920 shows that the present day lands of Israel, all of the Occupied Territories of Gaza, and the West Bank were within Palestine. Yet the influx of Jews from across Europe commenced tensions within the entire Palestine, which later on turned and escalated into one of historys longest ever conflicts. The period of World War I, in particular the year 1916 witnessed the British Empire collaborating, and somewhat convincing various Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire in return for support of, and the establishment of an independent Arab state which included Palestine. The British Empire, however did not keep its promise, and only a year later in 1917, announced its support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. This historic turn of events was done by Lord Arthur Balfour, the then British Foreign Minister, as also naming the event as The Balfour Declaration of 1917. The Balfour Declaration of 1917, in turn opened up a new era of tensions between the Israelis and the Palestinian people, somewhat forcing the British Empire to enforce a mandate over the entire Palestine. This mandate spanned from 1920 to 1947. This was also period during which World War II was coming to an end, and the formation of the United Nations was on the anvil of the globe. One of the most severe implications and in-human acts perhaps never witnessed in all of previous human history were the atrocities committed against the Jews at the hands of German leadership, a series of events that forced majority of the western countries to support and bring the Jews to areas that today comprise of the state of Israel, and the occupied territories. Also termed as the Holocaust, the atrocities against the Jews at the hands of the Germans, virtually confirmed their place in the present days regions of Israel. Thus, it would not be wrong to deduce that the Holocaust was one of the primary factors for the formation of the state of Israel. The end of World War II, and the newly formed United Nations then witnessed a move to bring about peace in the Middle East. This was done through the formation of two states, and the internationalization of state of Israel. Palestine was thus partitioned and Israel formed on May 14, 1948. The establishment of a separate state for the Jews also witnessed majority of the Arab states rising in opposition. Among the states in Middle East who rose to oppose the establishment of Israel included Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Egypt. Yet, all these states were defeated at the hands of Israeli army. The Israelis were thus successful in securing a homeland, while the Palestinians were left without a state. An important event in the historical perspective of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. The war of 1967 was a pre-emptive strike by the Israelis against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Though it was presumably an pre-emptive strike, yet the objective was perhaps to take over the territories of Golan Heights bordering and under the control of Syria, the West Bank bordering and under control of Jordan, and the Gaza strip from Egypt. History is evidence to the fact that Israel more than doubled its territories in this Arab-Israeli War of 1967. It is also one of the crucial issues, which have served to prolong the said issue from being resolved, or for peace to become permanent in the said issue. Later attempts by a number of countries of the Middle East including the United States, such as the joint attacks on Israel by Egypt and Syria in 1973, and the Camp David Accord of 1978 duly sponsored by the United States, and which involved top leaders from both Israeli and Palestine, failed miserably. The 1978 Camp David Accord however did accomplish an ally in Egypt, while the Arab world in general felt loss, as vast areas of disputed Palestine still remained unresolved and disputed. The entire decade of 1980s, the 1990s, and well to the end of the20th century witnessed the emergence of the Palestine uprising, also known as the Intifada, and continued violence in the regions of occupied territories, where the young Palestinians in particular came out on the streets, at times with nothing more than sling shots and stones. At other times, with suicide bombings which left scores of Israelis killed and injured. In response, the Israeli too responded with a result that both sides suffered numerous casualties. The Oslo Peace Accord of 1993, though was an attempt to strike a peace deal forth Palestinians, yet this event, similar to earlier attempts to prove to be a one sided affair. As critics have continuously termed the Oslo Peace Accord to have largely benefited the Israelis more than it did for the Palestinians, as the accord has allowed the Israelis control over land, water, roads, and other necessary resources. As of the present day scenario, Israel today has some of the most advanced and superior military in the region, including both high techmilitary equipment, arms industries, and to top it all, nuclear capability matched only with the largest powers in the world. All this has been possible with economic and military assistance from the United States of America. Aside from the unilateral role of United States of America for the state of Israel, the role of the United Nations too has been critical, as two UN Resolutions, namely UN Resolution 242 and 181both have called for return of all lands captured in the 1967Arab-Israeli War, both of which are yet to be implemented, leaving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict unresolved as ever. (Shah, 2001) The US Involvement in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict A brief on the involvement of the United States of America in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict reveals that the US first collaboration was witnessed when the United States supported the United Nations in the establishment of the State of Israel on May 15, 1948. With the United States of America taking over as the principle ally for the Jews, the British mandate (1920-1947) came to an end. Ever since the establishment of the State of Israel was declared, the United States has continued to support Israel in practically all areas of Israeli economy. According to various studies, the state of Israel has been one of the largest beneficiaries of US aid ever since its establishment in1948, which according to estimates has today reached some 3 billion dollars annually. One of the most significant aspects of US involvement, in the historical perspective, has been the unilateral support provided to Israelis during the 1956 debacle of Suez Canal. In the said debacle, Israel